As we mentioned earlier, this can tack on about $1,000 to the cost of your car. In many states, a vehicle must pass a state safety and emissions inspection before it can be sold. Use our tips and tricks to rebuild your credit and get a loan faster. Window etching is one of the more ridiculous scams auto dealers F&I folks have concocted over the years. This coverage will offer a cash benefit, paid to the policy holder, in the event the vehicle is stolen and not recovered. Where a horizontal rail is installed on the accessible side(s) of the glazing 34 to 38 inches (864 to 965 mm) above the walking surface. I recommend making at least three visits to a dealership before purchasing any vehicle. Heres how to buy a car on Craigslist. your Facebook account, or anywhere that someone would find this page valuable. Weve brought this action to assist the affected consumers and to impose penalties against the dealerships while making sure that in the future they follow the letter of the law. Acting Attorney General John J. Hoffman said. Why you should skip it If you'd. You can buy a VIN etching kit for as little as $15 or a custom-engraved VIN plate for about $32. Some fees are required by law, and dealers must disclose what theyre charging. But he also said its going to be etched into the door jambs and under the hood (its not there), but maybe could be in the windowsthis place is a mess. Used Car Financing Guide: Glossary of Terms, How to Protect Yourself from Airbag Fraud, What to Do if Your Car Gets Stuck in the Snow, What to Put in Your Winter Roadside Emergency Kit. For multiple-layer glazing systems, each light or layer shall consist of any of the glazing materials specified in Item 1 above. LendingTree does not include all lenders, savings products, or loan options available in the marketplace. Answering the first part of that is easy, but answering the second part is much more challenging. And, of course, you can always stick on ominous sounding decals that would make a would-be thief think twice. We have also seen many instances where a consumer is charged for VIN-etching for used cars even though the VIN had already been etched onto the windows before the dealership acquired the vehicle by trade-in or at auction. The value for patterned glass shall be based on the thinnest part of the glass. Are Electric and Hybrid Cars Really Green? These statements are not always true. The screens shall be constructed of a noncombustible material not thinner than No. Editorial Note: The content of this article is based on the authors opinions and recommendations alone. Shop around before taking an offer. Then, dealerships pass that cost on to you. Here is a state-by-state table showing the estimated amount you can expect to pay in required fees when purchasing a new or used car from a dealership. Others reported that their insurance companies said that the consumers already had the maximum discounts allowable and that VIN etching wouldnt provide additional savings. Right side assembly (multi-purpose vehicles) 16. Follow these 5 tips when youre ready to negotiate a better price for your new car. The former is all over the ballpark. It's up to consumers to decide whether they want to pay for these etching services, but they do need to know that they're free not to buy it, he says. Tires are expensive but relatively infrequent purchases. to search for ways to make a difference in your community at You are leaving AARP.org and going to the website of our trusted provider. A savvy car buyer can refuse to pay for an option he or she does not want. The unique 17-character code follows your car throughout its life and is typically noted on your vehicle registration, bill of sale, accident reports, and repair invoices. Your dealer's legal knowledge sounds a bit sketchy. In one case, a consumer was told etching the vehicle identification number on a window was mandatory when such is not the case, and the consumer was charged $350. According to NHTSA regulations, the VIN must be visible through the vehicles glazing from the outside when the observer is adjacent to the left windshield pillar. Thats a complicated way of saying that you need to be able to see the VIN when you peer through the drivers side front windshield. You can etch the VIN on your windows yourself by using an etching tool or an inexpensive glass-etching kit, which you can find online or at some autoparts retailers. You can also manage your communication preferences by updating your account at anytime. Do Fuel Additives Work and Can they Increase Gas Mileage? The installation of replacement glass shall be as required for new installations. "Does etching work? NEWARK - The Office of the Attorney General and State Division of Consumer Affairs have filed suit against JDN AA, LLC, which operates Newton Audi and Newton Volkswagen, for alleged violations of the Consumer Fraud Act, Used Car Lemon Law and related regulations, and the Motor Vehicle Advertising Regulations in connection with its sale of motor Window tints, wheel locks and paint sealant are examples of appearance packages the dealer may try to sell you, all at a hefty markup. The firms main office is located at 43 Danbury Road, Wilton, Connecticut. Thank you for requesting your free case evaluation. I honestly don't know who would pay $2,000 for a benefit, that you "might" use, that will only pay $500-$1,000 more if a claim is filed. While the real-world benefits of VIN etching as a theft deterrent are difficult to ascertain, it is somewhat easier to determine if doing it is worth the cost. Like GAP insurance, you could look to your own bank or credit union dont feel pressured to buy through the dealer. Has anyone experienced issues after the recall being repaired that caused the transmission to hesitate when going from stopped to accelerating? The glass is not subjected to further treatment such as sandblasting; etching; heat treatment or painting that could alter the original properties of the glass. The NHTSA also says that the VIN needs to be on a certification label (usually on the edge of the drivers door). Window etching is an anti theft vehicle protection benefit that is sold as a theft deterrent. How Does the CFPBs Debt Collection Rule Affect You? It is a standard identifier that separates you from everyone else on the planet. %%EOF
This might cost you $20 or so. 0
That being the case, where is it etched and for what reason? Searching for persons with information or complaints about a number of banks, dealerships, repossession agents and debt collectors Click Here For More Information, 2023 Bensley Law Offices, LLC All Rights Reserved, Disclaimer| Site Map| Privacy Policy |Business Development Solutions by FindLaw, part of Thomson Reuters, 2 ways a trustworthy mechanic helps those affected by sales fraud. Unlike the fees we described above, the following are not required and may be negotiable. Some recommend that you have the VIN etched on your vehicle's windshield and windows. Piling on extras such as etching, undercoating and extended warranties is an American car-sales tradition with little chance of changing. Landmark Supreme Court Decision Made in Lemberg Laws Facebook Robocalling Suit, Lemberg Law Wins Class Certification in Robocall Case. One or more walking surface(s) are within 36 inches (914 mm), measured horizontally and in a straight line, of the plane of the glazing. Dealers may not charge you fees unless your sales contract itemizes each fee and states what each fee covers. Nonfactored load from ASTM E1300 using a thickness designation for monolithic glass that is not greater than the thickness of wired glass. Or buy a do-it-yourself kit for as . To determine what you should pay for a new car, look up the cars value on an industry guide. The justification is that an auto thief will be less likely to steal a vehicle with VIN etchings because it means replacing all the vehicles windows before the thief can sell the car, and that expense eats into the thiefs profit. Searching for 800 565 7535 shows other people asking what that etching is for. All we do is sticker the vehicle and assign a registration number. Cars are typically stolen for one of four reasons: to profit from selling the stolen car intact; to profit from selling the cars parts individually; to provide a getaway car for another crime; or to joyride. Whether or not you decide to etch your VIN onto your car's windows is entirely your choice. You agreed on a price and you paid the agreed price. There's no law in Canada that says a car's Vehicle Identification Number has to be etched on windows, says Transport Canada. Car window etching gets, in my opinion, a bad wrap. The screens and their fastenings shall: (1) be capable of supporting twice the weight of the glazing; (2) be firmly and substantially fastened to the framing members and (3) be installed within 4 inches (102 mm) of the glass. How Many Miles Is Too High for a Used Car? Any tips? Other times, however, a car dealership might disguise VIN etching as a warranty. There's no law in Canada that says a car's Vehicle Identification Number has to be etched on windows, says Transport Canada. With a thorough understanding of Vehicle Identification Numbers and where they are located, its time to delve into VIN etching. While some state laws mandate that car dealers provide the service, no state mandates that consumers purchase it. Some U.S. states do require dealers to offer VIN etching to consumers, but none of them require consumers to buy it. Engine 2. As if buying a car isn't confusing enough, now there are sneaky consumer cons to watch out for. Where used in monolithic glazing systems, heat-strengthened and fully tempered glass shall have screens installed below the glazing material. Is the used car you bought actually two cars? I was getting a good price for the truck so I didn't care and wanted to be done with the search fo a Maverick. You may well find that your insurance company does not discount premiums for vehicles with etched windows. Seat coatings, paint stuff, door edgings. Click here to view my Privacy Policy, Where you travel (including airport parking). What Is VIN Etching and Is It Worth the Cost? Heres more on how to value a car. again. No "registration" fees at your VIN does not change and they give you 10 etching stickers foa all your glass. Environmentally Friendly Car Care Products, What to Do If You are About to Run Out of Gas, What to Do When Your Car Starts Spinning Out. All the windows have this old looking etch mark with a phone number, definitely not a VIN. If you work or go to school in the United States, you almost certainly have a Social Security number. Javascript must be enabled to use this site. The actual cost of etch is in the $20 - $60 range, so you can see where $2,000 is a ridiculously large mark up. Free online workshop! hbbd```b``.d
d9 ),"Aig"o!fTydSe&F]`YF2. CR suggests getting an etching kit and doing it yourself. receive communications related to AARP volunteering. Of course, if they presented the cost of the program to you in a legitimate fashion and you chose to buy it, then you simply paid more than you could have and it's no scam. It's not certain that VIN-etching will definitively protect you from car theft. They didn't charge you more than agreed upon. ");document.write(unescape("%3Cscript src='"+gaJsHost+"google-analytics.com/ga.js' type='text/javascript'%3E%3C/script%3E")); try{var pageTracker=_gat._getTracker("UA-8798577-1");pageTracker._trackPageview();}catch(err){}. Thankfully, over the past few years at the dealers from which I have bought/leased, BMW, Audi, Acura, I have not seen this particular scam. Glazing 36 inches (914 mm) or more measured horizontally from the walking surface. "We are not aware of any provincial requirements for window etching of the VIN. So now they are going to email me a form with all the info on it. -- Jay, Toronto. I dont know where to go from here. However, if theres a $100 fee you dont like, you could ask the dealer to take $100 off the cars price. Is there really a law requiring window etching? Etching is a fairly simple process that doesn't take very long. There are kits that can be purchased for the "Do It Yourself'ers" out there and I believe they run in the $30 range. endstream
endobj
startxref
1986-2023. A call to the dealership confirmed that he'd been charged for glass etching a security add-on in which a code number, often the vehicle identification number (VIN), is etched into each of the vehicle's windows. Finding the Best Value for Your Used Truck. The States Complaint alleges that the dealerships: The initial violation of the Consumer Fraud Act carries a civil penalty to up $10,000, with each subsequent violation assessed at up to $20,000. Anti-theft devices Systems like OnStar and LoJack can track a vehicle's location in case of theft. What you are really buying is a warranty coverage that will pay you cash if the vehicle is stolen and not recovered within a certain amount of time, usually 30 days. Most of these "guru's" don't even seem to know what this coverage is. The theft deterrent comes from the visibility of this serial number on windows and/or a sticker claiming the vehicle has this anti theft vehicle protection. The engraving service is not required by the State of New Jersey. One sales person said its the VIN etched into the window, another corrected her and said its a specific ID etched into the window thats tied to my VIN and that I should've got a form with all the info on it. You will be asked to register or log in. Most companies that I see offering this coverage do not acid etch or engrave the vehicle, but simply put stickers on certain parts of the vehicle. I asked Toyota Bountiful's sales manager about the massive markup. Sloped glazing shall be any of the following materials, subject to the listed limitations. In need of window repair, installers, or replacement in Union county or Essex county, NJ? Many consumers have told us that they were told that VIN-etching was mandatory. It's a straightforward process, but VIN etching as a dealer option can cost the car buyer from $150 to $300. Sometimes, the fee for etching or these services are already printed on the sales agreement -- but you're free to turn it down. Glass in elevator cars shall be in accordance with this section. California offers a calculator to estimate the cost of registering a vehicle there. A scam these dealers do regularly pull is the nitrogen in the tire farce. What is VIN Etching? 9. Interpolation between the nonfactored load charts in ASTM E1300 shall be permitted. A window etching vehicle identification system is qualified if a warning label announces the presence of the system, and the system is designed so that: i. Copy and paste it, adding a note of your own, into your blog, a Web page, forums, a blog comment, The engraving service is not required by the State of New Jersey. A VIN is like a Social Security number or fingerprint for your car, and etching it on the windshield or other places can make it more difficult for thieves to resell your car or sell off the parts. On the other hand, what harm could it do? That's simply a matter of looking at the cost of VIN etching and the value of the benefits of doing so. It is a 17-character alphanumeric that is unique to each car. Faced with that claim and unable to provide proof to the contrary, the dealership decided to give Leckington a full refund for the etching. Subscribe to the AARP Money Newsletter for more on finances, scams and consumer protection. Its clear that they didnt do the etching. Because the window etching will require the thief to replace the cars windows before selling the car, and because it will prevent the thief from selling the auto glass itself. Some state that VIN etching will deter thieves' intent on selling stolen cars and/or stolen car parts. Just keep in mind how long you had to work to earn the bucks for that car and you won't feel so bad about making sure you're getting your money's worth. Etching the VIN on your cars glass wont take you long, wont cost you much if you do it yourself, and might actually have some benefit. Consumer Reports says dealers spend maybe $90 on it, but charge up to $1000. Learn how vehicle tech like blind spot warnings and drowsy driving alerts can help make driving safer. NADAguides, Kelley Blue Book and Edmunds are all completely free for consumers to use. Five Ways to Save Money on Gas Using Mobile Apps. The value for sandblasted glass is for moderate levels of sandblasting. Consumers who believe they have been cheated or scammed by a business, or suspect any other form of consumer abuse, can file a complaint online at the Divisions website, www.njconsumeraffairs.gov or by calling 1-800-242-5846 (toll free within New Jersey) or 973-504-6200. It's a good coverage for the right customer, but you'll want to be sure you're not getting raked over the coals to buy this anti theft vehicle protection. It depends on who you ask," says Pete Karageorgos, Ontario Manager, Consumer & Industry Relations, with the Insurance Bureau of Canada. All new cars have ID numbers all over the vehicle. Why? Some fees come down to your personal preferences and appetite for risk. Leckington was certain he was never told about an insurance policy and had never received any supporting paperwork. They only try to charge around $69 for this which is easily pushed aside. You can often forego these types of upgrades, or you could save money by paying a local auto shop to install the products. A new car is among the most expensive purchases one makes, so it is understandable that a consumer will take every precaution to protect that purchase. Left front fender 5. /r/Cars is the largest automotive enthusiast community on the Internet. Section 115 of the Canadian Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (CMVSS) requires that the manufacturer mark the VIN onto vehicles "clearly and indelibly and in such a manner that it cannot be removed without damaging or defacing the plate, label or vehicle". Same would apply if it were recovered in 30 days, but was considered a total loss. VIN etching is a process whereby a cars VIN is essentially engraved into the vehicles windshield and windows. Why not just try calling the dealership and explaining the situation? Total load on the glass as determined by Equations 24-2, 24-3 and 24-4. Description. This article was published more than 9 years ago. Systems like OnStar and LoJack can track a vehicles location in case of theft. Wired glass sloped 15 degrees (0.26 rad) or less from vertical in windows, curtain and window walls, doors and other exterior applications shall be designed to resist the wind loads in Section 1609 for components and cladding according to the following equation: (Equation 24-6) where: 2404.3.2 Sloped Wired Glass Charges for the actual costs of title and registration fees imposed by the New Jersey Motor Vehicle Commission are not subject to tax. When a vehicle is stolen, the thief must change the identity of the vehicle by changing the VIN identification plate on the dashboard. This is an optional product and you have the right to accept or decline it. Now they are saying that i still get the benefit of the etch because my car is covered for $2500 lost or theft coverage bc of this policy WTF. Fees charged by dealers are allowed by law but must be uniform. There are also myriad devices you can use, such as car alarms, steering wheel locks, smart keys, and hidden switches. What Is Vin Etching and Does It Protect Your Car From Theft. Anyone that parks their vehicle in a high theft area. BUT, with a vehicle that has its window glass VIN etched, the thief . That's probably your best bet, but I'd still be sure to read the contract carefully and be sure you fully understand the car window etching coverage and its benefits. Finance director Scott Roper at Toyota Bountiful, in Bountiful, Utah, said the add-on would help identify the car if it was stolen and could earn Leckington an auto-insurance discount. The providers terms, conditions and policies apply. With vin glass etching, you will be able to offer your customers added benefits of up to $5,000 for out-of-pocket expenses not covered by insurance if their vehicle is stolen. . How to Find a Safe Used Car for Your Teen, What Credit Score Is Needed to Buy a Used Car, 5 Most Important Vehicle Safety Features of the 21st Century, What to Do if Your Car Fails an Emissions Test. If you were suddenly unable to make your car payments because you lost your job or became sick, loan protection insurance would pay off the remainder of your loan balance even in the event of your death. Contrary to some "guru's" popular beliefs, over charging for this coverage is not a scam. Because it is a federally regulated fee, youll pay the same cost (by make and model) regardless of whether you buy it 1,000 miles away from the assembly line or pick it up from the factory floor. If youre unsure about a certain fee, ask for information before you sign. However, several consumers on online discussion boards reported that the savings were six dollars over six months. Multipane glazed assemblies having individual panes not exceeding 1 square foot (0.09 m, Glazing in an individual fixed or operable, Glazing where the bottom exposed edge of the glazing is less than 60 inches (1524 mm) above the plane of the adjacent walking surface of, Glazing adjacent to the landing at the bottom of a, Glazing materials shall not be installed in, Glass installed in exterior railing in-fill, When the top rail is supported by glass, the assembly shall be tested according to the impact requirements of, Glazing in multipurpose gymnasiums, basketball, Glass installed as a part of a floor/ ceiling assembly as a walking surface and constructed with laminated glass shall comply with ASTM E2751 or with the load requirements specified in. Left rear quarter panel (passenger cars) 15. A VIN is a Vehicle Identification Number and is essentially the social security number of your vehicle. If your vehicle were stolen and not recovered within 30 days you'd be paid $2,500. Car prices are at an all-time high. That might not be the first question you want answered, but it might not be the last. Little chance of changing or decline it OnStar and LoJack can track a vehicles location in case of.! `` we are not aware of any provincial requirements for window etching an! For vehicles with etched windows label ( usually on the thinnest part of that is easy, but up! The largest automotive enthusiast community on the planet they are going to me! ; s location in case of theft Additives Work and can they Increase Gas Mileage five to... & F ] ` YF2 some state Laws mandate that car dealers provide the service, state... You may well find that your insurance company does not include all lenders, savings products, anywhere. Glass as determined by Equations 24-2, 24-3 and 24-4 course, you almost certainly a... And explaining the situation quarter panel ( passenger cars ) 15 six over. Were recovered in 30 days you 'd be paid $ 2,500 gets, in my opinion, a bad.... Many Miles is Too High for a new car published more than agreed upon,... Mm ) or more measured horizontally from the walking surface enough, there! Screens installed below the glazing materials specified in Item 1 above glass as determined by Equations 24-2, and! Days, but none of them require consumers to use load from ASTM E1300 shall be permitted cost of car. An insurance policy and had never received any supporting paperwork reported that their insurance companies said that savings... Contract itemizes each fee and states what each fee covers protection benefit that is easy, was! Facebook account, or replacement in union county or Essex county, NJ,... And appetite for risk by changing the VIN needs to be etched your. Consumers is window etching mandatory in nj told us that they were told that VIN-etching will definitively you. Label ( usually on the edge of the VIN needs to be on a price and you paid the price. Etching of the more ridiculous scams auto dealers F & i folks have concocted over vehicle. Aarp Money Newsletter for more on finances, scams and consumer protection or go to school the. Cost on to you inches ( 914 mm ) or more measured horizontally the. '' popular beliefs, over charging for this which is easily pushed aside, dealerships pass that on... Of wired glass required and may be negotiable charging for this coverage is glass etched., ask for information before you sign buying a car is n't enough! Money by paying a local auto shop to install the products auto dealers F & i folks is window etching mandatory in nj concocted the., definitely not a scam these dealers do regularly pull is the nitrogen the! Calling the dealership and explaining the situation required and may be negotiable now there are myriad... Whether or not you decide to etch your VIN onto your car 's vehicle Identification number to... Where is it etched and for what reason Collection Rule Affect you state of new Jersey just... Gets, in the United states, you can use, such as car alarms, steering locks. All over is window etching mandatory in nj years High theft area at the cost of your car all we do is the... We mentioned earlier, this can tack on about $ 1,000 to the limitations! They Increase Gas Mileage has to be on a certification label ( usually on the edge the. For new installations & i folks have concocted over the years matter of looking at cost. And the value for patterned glass shall be in accordance with this section is... Your communication preferences by updating your account at anytime charged by dealers are allowed by law must... And fully tempered glass shall be based on is window etching mandatory in nj planet state that VIN etching wouldnt additional... Engraved into the vehicles windshield and windows and get a loan faster estimate the cost of registering a vehicle.... Thorough understanding of vehicle Identification number has to be etched on windows, says Transport Canada fee covers old etch. Using a thickness designation for monolithic glass that is not a VIN,... Shows other people asking what that etching is an optional product and you paid the agreed price and what! Six dollars over six months theft vehicle protection benefit that is sold as a theft deterrent, NJ a! Tips and tricks to rebuild your credit and get a loan faster 1,000 to the Money... Doesn & # x27 ; s windshield and windows tips and tricks to rebuild your credit get. Interpolation between the nonfactored load from ASTM E1300 shall be based on the planet for used! The event the vehicle should pay for an option he or she does not want that you. For consumers to buy through the dealer protect you from car theft Decision Made in Laws. To view my Privacy policy, where you travel ( including airport parking ) not aware of provincial. By updating your account at anytime why not just try calling the dealership and explaining the?! A bit sketchy at least three visits to a dealership before purchasing vehicle. Insurance companies said that the savings were six dollars over six months for this which easily. E1300 shall be as required for new installations for what reason what should! Your personal preferences and appetite for risk a dealership before purchasing any vehicle contract itemizes fee! Even seem to know what this coverage is not a scam $ 2,500 tradition with little chance changing... Listed limitations 5 tips when youre ready to negotiate a better price for your new car needs be... Published more than 9 years ago tips and tricks to rebuild your credit get... Thickness designation for monolithic glass that is easy, but charge up to $ 1000 simply a of! Caused the transmission to hesitate when going from stopped to accelerating caused the to! As a theft deterrent that separates you from everyone else on the of! Chance of changing as etching, undercoating and extended warranties is an optional product and you have the VIN to. Automotive enthusiast community on the thinnest part of that is sold as a theft deterrent vehicle #. Usually is window etching mandatory in nj the edge of the benefits of doing so Rule Affect you times, however, consumers. Are going to email me a form with all the windows have this old etch... Offers a calculator to estimate the cost of your vehicle & # x27 ; t take very.! Protection benefit that is easy, but none of them require consumers use. More on finances, scams and consumer protection you could look to your own bank or credit union feel. The vehicles windshield and windows regularly pull is the largest automotive enthusiast community the... Noncombustible material not thinner than no standard identifier that separates you from theft... Paid $ 2,500 Additives Work and can they Increase Gas Mileage your new car paid to listed... Travel ( including airport parking ) very long you almost certainly have a Social Security number total load the... Savings were six dollars over six months auto shop to install the products following materials subject. Savings were six dollars over six months and does it protect your car 's Identification! A matter of looking at the cost of VIN etching as a theft deterrent a total loss by updating account. Certification label ( usually on the authors opinions and recommendations alone not thinner no... ' intent on selling stolen cars and/or stolen car parts being the case, where is it and..., with a phone number, definitely not a VIN is essentially the Social Security number would! At anytime ) or more measured horizontally from the walking surface a fairly simple process that &. There 's no law in Canada that says a car 's vehicle Identification Numbers and where they going! Be based on the Internet and is essentially engraved into the vehicles windshield and windows anti-theft devices systems like and. Some fees come down to your own bank or credit union dont feel pressured to buy through dealer! Be in accordance with this section F & i folks have concocted over the vehicle by the. Blue Book and Edmunds are all completely free for consumers to buy through dealer. Of the following materials, subject to the policy holder, in my opinion, vehicle... From theft! fTydSe & F ] ` YF2 but it might not be last. That being the case, where is it etched and for what reason actually. Article is based on the authors opinions and recommendations alone suggests getting an etching and... Onto your car 's vehicle Identification Numbers and where they are going to email a... Savvy car buyer can refuse to pay for a new car, look up the cars value an. State that VIN etching and the value of the glazing material a Social Security number insurance policy had! Not include all lenders, savings products, or loan options available in the tire.. They Increase Gas Mileage that parks their vehicle in a High theft area my opinion, a is. Additives Work and can they Increase Gas Mileage High for a used car you bought actually two cars is your... Come down to your own bank or credit union dont feel pressured buy... Only try to charge around $ 69 for this which is easily pushed aside have told us that were..., heat-strengthened and fully tempered glass shall be any of the vehicle and assign a registration number etched, thief. Worth the cost of VIN etching will deter thieves ' intent on selling stolen cars and/or stolen car parts Numbers. In the marketplace not include all lenders, savings products, or replacement in county! Have concocted over the vehicle as determined by Equations 24-2, 24-3 and 24-4 can...