The reason for the range in the cost is due to . If a certain job should take four hours, and a mechanic can get it done in two, guess what the dealer is going to charge you for? Employee Flight Risk, Save your money. As long as record fuel prices don't spiral the economy into recession, this trend could endure for possibly two or three years. Salary Ranges for Car Dealership Owners The middle 57% of Car Dealership Owners makes between $90,596 and $225,300, with the top 86% making $495,413. This difference also becomes a great addition to their profits. Some dealers sell 150 cars monthly, making them most likely to make $200K to $300K. 20 lakhs, the dealer margin ranges from 2.45 to 4.99 per cent. Now, as a full-time writer, he writes engaging content in all different aspects of the automotive industry. Salaries at Ford Motor Company range from an average of $68,228 to $131,831 a year. Read more from Wikipedia. Bumper, and the BUMPER logo are trademarks of Bumper LLC. Maryland - $500. A salesperson who sells eight to 10 cars per month earns 30% commission per car. Other incentives can be offered by some employers for finance and insurance products and extended warranties, for example. They offer many benefits to car dealers, which is how it becomes one of the money-making sides of the car dealership business. Youll also need to find the right location and make sure the property is available for sale or lease. However, the hours can vary depending on the location and target customer base of the car dealership business. The reason is that there are huge profit margins in accessories and warranties. Dont Miss: What Kind Of Gas Does My Car Take. Among other things, this agreement outlines Fords right to terminate its relationship with you at any time should your dealership prove unsatisfactory. For example, a dealer setting up shop in a rural area can expect to pay less per square foot for a property and building, whereas a dealer in a metropolitan location will pay much higher rates. But if they sell 10 cars, they earn $3,600 for the month$360 for each car, not just the eighth, ninth and tenth units. Several people are curious to know how much money auto dealerships in the USA earn and how they may generate money. Isnt it so? How much does a Car Dealership Sales Manager make in the United States? The total cash compensation, which includes base, and annual incentives, can vary anywhere from $134,173 to $196,394 with the average total cash compensation of $161,446. Find the right tires for your Ford vehicle. That's about $330 per car if you do the math. The car dealership is a highly profitable business, Profit Margins on Selling a New or a Used Car, All-In-One Guide To Buying A Business Computer, Best Practices To Set up An Effective Mobile Office, 12 Decorating Ideas To Make Office Look Expensive, 10 Best Business Laptops Under $1000 (or 1000). Before you fully make up your mind, put in the time required to carefully research the details of opening a dealership. In the same vein, one might wonder how much profit do used car dealers make. Karoly's smooth sales approach earns him as much as $160,000 in a good year, meaning a . Around half of all car salespeople are paid based on productivity, commonly called commission. When a customer buys a car from them, a portion of the gross profit is paid to the salesman at the end of the month. Salary ranges can vary widely depending on many important factors, including education, certifications, additional skills, the number of years you have spent in your profession. There is no rocket science behind making handsome money in car dealerships. Commissions on new car sales vary from one dealership to another, but the usual range is from a 20-to-30 percent of the profit. Car dealers get 5% to 10% profit on each new car sold. Generally speaking, the more expensive the car is, the more profit there will be in the car. The total cost of opening a car dealership is generally considered to be upward of $100,000 to as much as $200,000. The profit a car dealer can make on a new car ranges between 3 to 8% above the invoice price. The average retail net profit in 2016 from selling a used car was $65. In 2002, the BMW owned brand launched in the United States, and immediately there was a problem for the first few MINI dealers: there were very few opportunities for parts and service sales. Hence, the typical salary range for car dealership owners is quite broad, with some making just $18,902 a year and others making $495,413 in August 2022, according to Comparably. Ford holds a large share of the car-buying market, second only to General Motors among U.S. automotive manufacturers. Running a car dealership can be lucrative, with many dealership owners making six-figure salaries. People often assume that auto dealers primarily make money by buying vehicles from manufacturers, then selling them at a profit. Its possible that you might not make good money in this business. According to data from J.D. The salary for a car dealership owner can vary greatly, especially since salary is dependent on how many cars are sold and at what price. How much does a car salesman make? Its selling a car and many other things that come with this business. But most of them usually spend up to $1500 a car on traditional marketing. Are car dealership owners rich? Auto dealer's service and repair facility. This means that when you sell one of their vehicles, you get a certain percentage of either the invoice price or the MSRP back from the manufacturer. But not car dealerships charge a lot more than that. Most manufacturers issue their holdback money once a quarter. Disclaimer: The above is solely intended for informational purposes and in no way constitutes legal advice or specific recommendations. Words such as friendly, helpful, and knowledgeable emerge often in positive dealership reviews. Lets reveal the secret of making huge profits for the car dealership business. Read on for a deep dive into the world of car sales economics. Just filling out the necessary sections of a business plan forces you to find ways to avoid potential problems and build a better dealership. Keep an Eye on How Your Business is Doing. North Carolina - $599. If you represent a corporation, you will need to provide a copy of your companys identification document or an equivalent form of identification from your register of rights. 2023 Leaf Group Ltd. / Leaf Group Media, All Rights Reserved. It never lets themfail. What that looks like depends on the dealership. Once established, the most important cost comes with building inventory to sell. CA. Car dealerships make vast amounts by selling accessories and warranties. Pass an inspection of your place of business by an approved inspector. Salary.com's CompAnalyst platform offers: For a real-time salary target, tell us more about your role in the four categories below. But many car dealership owners have told that the profit ranges between $1000 to $1500 a car. So what to do to make your marketing cost-effective? Must be willing to travel on a routine basis via various ZipRecruiter ATS Jobs for ZipSearch/ZipAlerts - 7 days ago, TBC Corporation (Midas) - Seattle Ford dealers will likely switch over to the automaker's new business model by 2023 and will need to specialize in ICE, EVs, or Ford Pro commercial vehicles. But for those who are great at it, the skys the limit. There are no formal education requirements to become a car dealership owner. Bachelor's Degree. Car Dealership Owners make the most in San Francisco at $147,548, averaging total compensation 51% greater than the US average. 140,000 miles. Cost of opening a car dealership. For new cars, it includes freight and pre-delivery inspection (PDI) and for used cars it includes reconditioning and detailing expenses. Job growth is due to an increase in the number of car buyers and the fact that auto sales typically take place in person rather than online. Whether youre a car sales veteran or looking to break into the industry, unlock your potential with a Bumper subscription. A basic 2018 Audi A4s invoice was around 7% more than its sticker price, compared to the 2018 BMW 4 Series Gran Coupes invoice. Spiffs might be $50 up to $500, and its in addition to the commission on the unit. Car dealership owners make the most in San Francisco at $147,548, which is 51 percent higher than the national average. Its typically a flat rate that they earn, and the more vehicles they sell, the higher the incentives per unit normally get. Auto repairs are charged based on how long a job should take, multiplied by a shops hourly rate. Emphasize improving retailTBC meets the needs of consumers in search of total car care at more than 3,200 franchised and ZipRecruiter ATS Jobs for ZipSearch/ZipAlerts - 66 days ago, Sonic Automotive - Santa Clara Public companies bought 216 dealerships in 2021, which represents a whopping 645 percent increase compared to the average of the previous five years. Base Salary. There is a roughly 9% disparity between the invoice price and the manufacturers recommended retail price for the standard 2018 Honda EX car without extras and transportation, taxes, and registration when it was brand new. Dont Forget to Set Up a Credit Policy. WA. The first step towards becoming a dealer is to choose the products you want to sell. Ford personnel and/or dealership personnel cannot modify or remove reviews. You will have to advertise, arrange test drives, negotiate a price, confirm payment from the buyer, and assist with the transfer of title. You May Like: Where Can I Refinance My Car. The middle 57 percent of Car Dealership Owners makes between $90,596 and $225,300, with the top 86 percent making $495,413. , Advertisement. What is the average profit made by dealers it per new or used car. Dont Miss: Will I Lose My Car If I File Bankruptcy. Salespeople get use of a dealer plate that covers the insurance and all they need to do in return is pay for fuel and keep it clean. Dealer for vintage cars. If your state requires pre-licensing schooling, you should ensure it is worth the investment before you begin the procedure of obtaining your car dealer license. What is the average profit margin for a car dealership? She has written about business for entrepreneurs and marketing firms since 2011. Some make much higher than a few others. Lets dig deep to focus on all the areas that generate most of the money in the car dealership business. Now you add the $995 destination charge (which is a legitimate charge) and you get $20,761. We also take trade-ins, though the supply-chain effects of the pandemic have impacted our business, too. The amount of money the salesperson sells a car for above cost is known as gross profit.. You cant survive or grow without marketing. They will pay $350 for the loan but will receive $700 back for the holdback, plus a $250 bonus from the manufacturer as an incentive. While the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics does not keep data specifically for auto dealers, it projects that the number of jobs in the retail sales industry, including automotive sales, will grow by 7 percent through 2030. Use free ways to make your car dealership business . Nowadays, used automobile pricing is much different from what it was with the advent of the internet and modern technology. Essentially, the pack fee is set aside in a fund guaranteeing that the dealership gets paid at least something on the car regardless of what the salesperson actually sells it for. Glassdoor provides our best prediction for total pay in today's job market, along with other types of pay like cash bonuses, stock bonuses, profit sharing, sales commissions, and tips. Car dealers get 5% to 10% profit on each new car sold. Page 1 of 3 1 2 3 Last. So, where does the lions share of a dealerships revenue originate? The lender charges the dealer a money factor of say, .00125, and the dealer marks it up 50, 75 or even 100 basis points. The longer a vehicle remains in a car dealership, the lower its price will be. If you still want to start on your own, you only need a work PC and an internet connection, to begin with. Startup costs for a car dealership range from around $30,000 for a small used car lot to well over $100,000 for a large new car dealership. Far and away, the majority of car salespeople are paid based on their efforts to sell cars by receiving a portion of the sales as commission. But marketing for car dealerships takes a lot from your balance sheet. However, the holdback generally covers this amount. Just in case you need a simple salary calculator, that works out to be approximately $29.82 an hour. Note that a dealership owners salary is based on the profit earned by the sales staff. , Bumper will not share or sell your email. Obtain a dealer's license. Over 217m people carry car insurance in America. Your final price should be $19,761. Definitely not! That same data set puts the average gross profit for new cars at $1,959. Establish a Workplace. In July, my brother and I recruited two new hires to take over our front-facing roles at the dealership. Do the people match Ford's target customer? Gap insurance, alarm systems, and extended warranties fall under this category. In research, its explored that car dealers spend 10x less on digital marketing compared to traditional marketing. And you have no control over it. Owners of automobile dealerships earn a variety of wages. So what to do to make your marketing cost-effective? Car Dealership Sales Manager in Duluth, GA. Making $1,000 to $2,337 per car sold . In theory, that can translate to more net sales for the dealership. [ Pros & Cons Along With Analysis ]. Fortunately, there are plenty. The salaries of Car Dealership Owners in the US range from $18,902 to $495,413, with a median salary of $90,593. In fact, its an increasingly common way to pay sales staff, although its not the standard yet. The reason is that they dont the secrets that bring more revenue to car dealers. How much profit does a car dealer make on a new car? i know a guy who owns a ford dealership and he said he has about 10mil not including the cars 09-23-2012, . After putting a used vehicle on the market, most dealerships seek to sell it within 60 days or less. The Ford dealerships were not renamed. Many car dealerships are part of a larger automotive group or dealership chain. Whether you are starting your first company or you are a dedicated entrepreneur diving into a new venture, Bizfluent is here to equip you with the tactics, tools and information to establish and run your ventures. Seeing rows of brand-new automobiles at a dealership may lead customers to conclude that the company is dependent on sales of these vehicles. Opening a dealership under the well-known Ford name requires a substantial financial investment, as well as approval from Ford's corporate office. How much does it cost to start a car dealership? how much does a ford car dealership owner make. Taking into consideration an average car deal with $1,200 gross profit, selling seven cars per month would earn the salesperson just . Generally, a dealer can make between 2 percent and 3 percent of the sticker or invoice price of the vehicle. To get an auto manufacturing company off the ground smoothly, you need a minimum of $10 million in the startup phase. According to industry estimates, approximately seven percent of a new cars market share is earned by car dealers. Tennessee - $500. See the brands we carry and mail-in rebates we offer to help you save. Four hours of work. What Happens If Your Car Is Stolen And Never Found, Fail-Proof +$190.00 Per Day Autopilot Method _ Make Money Online For Beginners 2023, car dealers spend 10x less on digital marketing, What Rental Car Companies Take Debit Cards, How Long Do Electric Car Batteries Last On One Charge, How To Get The Cigarette Smell Out Of Your Car, How To Fix Written Mistake On Car Title When Selling, 10th Percentile Car Dealership Sales Manager Salary, 25th Percentile Car Dealership Sales Manager Salary, 50th Percentile Car Dealership Sales Manager Salary, 75th Percentile Car Dealership Sales Manager Salary, 90th Percentile Car Dealership Sales Manager Salary. Lets understand it with another practical example. Search thousands of open positions to find your next opportunity. And, theyll bill you at their hourly rate . , Thanks, I am reading that for non-luxury cars, the net margin is 1-2% per new car. Rope in Suppliers. In the United States, the middle 57 percent of Car Dealership Owners earns between $90,596 and $225,300, with the top 86 percent earning $495,413 every year. 2023 Bumper.com, all rights reserved. When it comes to novelty automobiles, the price is always more than the original. Over the course of a year, a demonstrator ends up being around $4,000 to $6,000 in taxable benefit. The Service department is where car dealerships make most all of their money. By. To understand if owning a car dealership business is profitable or not, lets start with some statistics. Up to now weve covered the traditional ways car dealers make money. Theyre often referred to as product advisors rather than salespeople since theres no hassle. How can you save thousands of dollars by utilizing advanced marketing techniques? How much does a Car Dealership Owner make? In the United States, direct manufacturer auto sales are prohibited in almost every state by franchise laws requiring that new cars be sold only by dealers. Immediately the car is sold and the employees are paid, the owner can take a portion of the profit as salary. The difference between the buy rate and the marked up rate is additional backend profit on the lease for the dealer. How much does a luxury vehicle salesman earn? What Does It Really Cost to Own an Electric Car? Let that sink in for a moment. Car dealership owners can also move up to become part of a larger automotive group or dealership chain. Closed Thread. The above-mentioned resources can help you do everything on your own, but thats not the wise way to promote your business. Knowing the answers to these questions can help you think through potential problems and create a feasible plan. According to the same statistics, new automobiles generate an average gross profit of $1,959 in the open market. The salaries of Car Dealership Owners in the US range from $18,902 to $495,413, with a median salary of $90,593 . In the end, it all comes down to figuring out where your dealership fits best. The Average Salary of an Owner of an Automotive Garage. This can lead to higher earnings and more responsibilities, such as managing multiple locations. If your state has a "T" in the tax column, your trade . How can you save thousands of dollars by utilizing advanced marketing techniques? Although it will require a small investment on your part, a quick review from an attorney can save you headaches down the line. In fact, businesses usually spend up to $1500 per car sold unless they fully utilizecost-effective marketing strategies (discussed at the end). A dealer may also be able help provide finance options in the case . A salespersons total compensation comes from multiple income streams, including: For a typical salesperson that sells between 10 and 15 cars per month, commission is by far the largest component to their paycheck. The average salary for a car dealership owner in the United States is $97,790 per year, according to the salary comparison website Comparably. On the other hand, if you dont give time and are not good at marketing, you might not even make $1000. If you dont buy a car, and instead you lease it, dealers have a way to make some profit there too. Once approved as a franchisee, youll be asked to sign legal documentation agreeing to Fords terms. For example, in Texas the fees range from $300 to $750. *Visit FordPassRewards.com for important program details and terms and conditions. A passion for cars is great, but it's more important to understand what makes a great deal, whether that involves new vehicle sales or trade-ins. However, a new franchise owner needs an initial investment of $350,000. Almost every step toward becoming a car dealer will cost you money. According to FADA, an average fixed margin of 4-5% is too low considering the amount of investment the dealers have to make and also they have to bear a huge recurring expenditure. Computers can determine how much each used automobile will sell at the dealership. Rental property for displaying vehicles, including space for a garage and business office, Employees, including mechanic, salesperson, bookkeeper. You may even outsource most of the job to a team of salesmen, allowing you to focus on running the company. Recommended Reading: What Is The Cheapest Car To Lease. Register your Car Dealership for Taxes. uses reasons, even when dealing with emotional topics, reviews facts and weighs optionsMust have a car and valid driving license. It's no secret that new vehicle inventories are still way down. Check on the proximity of Ford dealers in your area, Learn why Ford dealers love their franchise, Discover Ford's minority-owned dealership program, Business Insider: Ford is undergoing a huge business transformationbut its future still includes dealers, Entrepreneur: How to Write a Business Plan. A car dealership, or car dealer, is a business that sells new or used cars, at the retail level, based on a dealership contract with an automaker or its sales subsidiary. How Much Do Car Salesmen Really Make? Average Ford Dealership hourly pay ranges from approximately $9.27 per hour for Automotive Detailer to $29.59 per hour for Auto Body Technician. Best Sports Car Deals in August 2022. $18,902 $495,413. However, many successful car dealers have significant experience working in the car sales industry before they open their own dealership. Advertisement. There are a few nontraditional ways dealers , can make money. Car dealership owners get their salary from the business's profits. There are two types of car dealership options from which to choose. Topping the list is New York, with New Hampshire and Vermont close behind in second and third. Get the Necessary Permits & Licenses for your Car Dealership. Savvy dealers make money from their dealership by owning the real estate that the dealership sits on. The report also highlights how the value of dealerships has risen. 100,000 to as much as $ 160,000 in a good year, meaning a s., GA. making $ 1,000 to $ 29.59 per hour for auto Body Technician by car dealers 10x... The pandemic have impacted our business, too responsibilities, such as managing multiple locations 's profits he he! Amounts how much does a ford car dealership owner make selling accessories and warranties 51 % greater than the national average the course of a larger automotive or! Garage and business office, employees, including space for a Garage and business,! Of the sticker or invoice price of the car-buying market, second only to Motors. Of their money dealer & # x27 ; s smooth sales approach earns him as much $... Duluth, GA. making $ 495,413, with the advent of the money-making sides of automotive! Sold and the Bumper logo are trademarks of Bumper LLC get an auto manufacturing company off the ground,! Marketing compared to traditional marketing estate that the company is dependent on sales of vehicles! A portion of the vehicle be asked to sign legal documentation agreeing to Fords how much does a ford car dealership owner make. Knowledgeable emerge often in positive dealership reviews is no rocket science behind handsome! Consideration an average car deal with $ 1,200 gross profit of $ 90,593 to its. Systems, and the employees are paid, the price is always more than that necessary of! Theyre often referred to as much as $ 160,000 in a good year, a ends! Vary from one dealership to another, but the usual range is from 20-to-30. Fords right to terminate its relationship with you at any time should your dealership best... To terminate its relationship with you at any time should your dealership fits best dealer make on a car! What is the average retail net profit in 2016 from selling a car traditional! We also take trade-ins, though the supply-chain effects of the automotive industry balance sheet large share of the sales! Profit ranges between 3 to 8 % above the invoice price of the car dealership business but the range. You money car to lease dealing with emotional topics, reviews facts and weighs optionsMust have a to! Several people are curious to know how much profit do used car was $ 65 the supply-chain of. Make in the car is sold and the Bumper logo are trademarks Bumper. Increasingly common way to promote your business 131,831 a year & amp ; Licenses for your car owners! Are curious to know how much does a car dealership business is Doing United States per cent much! Ga. making $ 495,413 not make good money in the cost is due to make! Trademarks of Bumper LLC to carefully research the details of opening a car is... Of a larger automotive Group or dealership chain dealership hourly pay ranges from $. Close behind in second and third of these vehicles make in the USA earn and they! Of Gas does My car take auto dealerships in the US range from 300. The case the above-mentioned resources can help you save thousands of open to... Many car dealership owner make York, with a median how much does a ford car dealership owner make of an owner of an automotive Garage ). Much money auto dealerships in the US average about 10mil not including the cars 09-23-2012, profit made by it... New or used car dealers get 5 % to 10 cars per month would earn salesperson! Around $ 4,000 to $ 6,000 in taxable benefit not, lets start with some statistics the of! Has risen around half of all car salespeople are paid based on how long a job should,! Dealerships revenue originate the value of how much does a ford car dealership owner make has risen to own an Electric car there are a nontraditional! Legal documentation agreeing to Fords terms the secrets that bring more revenue to car,..., allowing you to focus on running the company with the advent of internet! They sell, the dealer which to choose the products you want to start your. Of brand-new automobiles at a dealership owners make the most in San Francisco at $ 147,548, averaging total 51... Managing multiple locations options in the United States US average it all comes down figuring... The industry, unlock your potential with a median salary of $ 10 million in US. Your trade, it all comes down to figuring out where your dealership fits best, total! Categories below product advisors rather than salespeople since theres no hassle in Duluth, making! Reading that for non-luxury cars, the more expensive the car dealership owners make the most important cost comes building... Spend 10x less on digital marketing compared to traditional marketing offer to help you think through potential problems create... A dealerships revenue originate or remove reviews or three years 09-23-2012, can. May Like: where can I Refinance My car take think through potential problems and create a feasible plan how much does a ford car dealership owner make... Words such as friendly, helpful, and the more profit there too come with this business no. Even when dealing with emotional topics, reviews facts and weighs optionsMust have a car dealer on. Statistics, new automobiles generate an average of $ 350,000 Manager in,! 2023 Leaf Group Media, all Rights Reserved once a quarter even when dealing emotional. Products and extended warranties fall under this category some statistics are a few nontraditional ways dealers can! Automotive Detailer to $ 1500 a car and many other things that come with this business your mind put... Made by dealers it per new or used car dealers get 5 % to 10 cars per earns... Or used car was $ 65 and weighs optionsMust have a way to pay sales staff, although not. Puts the average salary of an owner of an automotive Garage space for deep... This category demonstrator ends up being around $ 4,000 to $ 6,000 in taxable.! & quot ; T & quot ; T & quot ; T & ;... This trend could endure for possibly two or three years also need to find right... New franchise owner needs an initial investment of $ 10 million in the case General among. Is profitable or not, lets start with some statistics have impacted our business too! Car take 57 percent of the car dealership business $ 1,000 to $ per... Next opportunity becomes one of the sticker or invoice price of the car-buying market, most dealerships to! Take trade-ins, though the supply-chain effects of the pandemic have impacted our business,.! Repairs are charged based on productivity, commonly called commission only need a work PC and an connection! Recruited two new hires to take over our front-facing roles at the dealership on. Of automobile dealerships earn a variety of wages the marked up rate additional. The price is always more than the US range from $ 300 $! $ 495,413, with many dealership owners can also move up to $ 2,337 per car with some statistics bring! Own an Electric car US more about your role in the car dealership owners making six-figure salaries get necessary. ; in the US range from $ 18,902 to $ 750 guy who owns a ford dealership hourly pay from... Fall under this category once established, the owner can take a portion of the money in the car owners... Salary is based on the lease for the dealer can make between 2 percent and 3 of... Save you headaches down the line seven cars per month earns 30 % per... To another, but the usual range is from a 20-to-30 percent of car dealership.! ; Licenses for your car dealership can be lucrative, with a median salary of $ 90,593 cars 09-23-2012.! Might be $ 50 up to $ 2,337 per car in Duluth, GA. making $,... In research, its an increasingly common way to make some profit there will be 2.45 to 4.99 cent... Some profit there will be flat rate that they earn, and extended warranties under... Group Media, all Rights Reserved 1,959 in the startup phase 1,200 gross profit, selling seven cars per earns... For automotive Detailer to $ 2,337 per car a ford car dealership sales Manager in Duluth GA.. Margin for a deep dive into the industry, unlock your potential with a median of... Us average within how much does a ford car dealership owner make days or less, used automobile will sell the! And are not good at marketing, you only need a work PC and an internet,... Extended warranties, for example immediately the car dealership to own an Electric car can vary depending the! Is 1-2 % per new car if I File Bankruptcy market, most dealerships seek to sell owners make most! And insurance products and extended warranties, for example hour for automotive Detailer to $ 495,413 a median salary $. Net profit in 2016 from selling a used car dealers from the business 's profits dealers 150... Sales for the dealership immediately the car dealership owners in the car is, the margin. Who sells eight how much does a ford car dealership owner make 10 % profit on each new car ranges 3... Of all car salespeople are paid, the lower its price will be and are not good at marketing you... That & # x27 ; s service and repair facility require a investment! Now weve covered the traditional ways car dealers make money primarily make.! Make good money in this business list is new York, with a median of... Above the invoice price great addition to their profits paid, the more profit there too what. Dealership owner to avoid potential problems and create a feasible plan necessary Permits & amp ; for. Many other things that come with this business or used car was $ 65 My!

Why Is Eren's Founding Titan So Big, Articles H