what were the two major criticisms of the new dealwhat were the two major criticisms of the new deal

"Roosevelt University, Center for New Deal Studies." 1st criticism from the left FDR had to agree to too many compromises for political power. Edsforth, Ronald. Today, critics credit the New Deal with bloating the size and scope of the federal government. (1963) James J. Martin, American Liberalism and World Politics, 1931-1941 (1964) Garet Garrett, Salvos Against the New Deal: Selections from the Saturday Evening Post, 1933-1940 (2002), edited by . Andersen, Kristi. After stabilizing the banks, Roosevelt wanted to pass a land conservation work bill. Under this act the federal government loaned money to state and local governments to provide relief programs to the unemployed and needy. The act authorized the U.S. Treasury Department to inspect the nation's banks and was the first pieces of legislation passed as part of the New Deal. No longer were fixed exchange rates between nations tied to gold and each nation could now manipulate their own currencies as they saw fit. The act gave authority to the president to create the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), which he did by executive order on April 7. Through the remainder of 1933 he created various boards and councils by executive order to carry out the various relief and recovery programs. President Roosevelt would find it difficult to gain such a broad based support again as the early public desperation faded. 1116). This humanitarian perspective, however, was balanced with the ideal of individual self-reliance. The Emergency Railroad Transportation Act met with great resistance, however, from railroad companies, railroad employees, and local communities that were afraid of losing their jobs and service. Tugwell took the lead for agricultural policy. The act created the Federal Farm Mortgage Corporation to issue $2 billion in loans to refinance farms. President Roosevelts critics from the left believed, 4. -Blacks remained second class citizens. 3. Adolf Berle believed that the most immediate needs to be addressed were farm relief, stabilizing industrial prices and employment, and relief for the poor. Following Britain, 20 other countries left the gold standard by spring of 1932. It was based on government intervention in the economy. In 1932 one year before Roosevelt took office the US economy shrank by 12.9 percent. The tenant farmers and sharecroppers who rented the land they worked were even more disadvantaged. Wagner was born in Hesse-Nassau, Germany, and immigrated to New York City when he was eight years old. In his book FDRs Folly, Jim Powell also argues that stifling competition and diverting funds from investment to hastily conceived government programs prolonged the depression. As a result of the public's mood Roosevelt won the 1932 November presidential election by a wide margin, receiving 23 million votes to Hoover's 16 million. He favored public works programs and brought this interest to reality in New Deal programs, such as the National Industrial Recovery Act. How did the Second New Deal differ from the first? In addition to the Farm Credit Administration Congress passed the Emergency Farm Mortgage Act, also on May 12. . What criticism of the New Deal did supporters of the Townsend Plan and the Share-the-Wealth Society have in common? Conservatives in the Depression-era also saw New Deal projects as being too expensive. Perhaps these influenced Rosenman and Roosevelt. He was unsuccessful, however, in seeking anti-lynching legislation. These critics often accuse his policies of prolonging what they believe would otherwise have been a much shorter recession. Our summaries and analyses are written by experts, and your questions are answered by real teachers. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. On the right, conservatives generally oppose the New Deal. A very complicated act, the NIRA created a process to establish codes of fair practice. Momentum for the First New Deal slowed by late 1934 and was essentially lost in 1935. That threat vanished in September 1935 when, in the hallway of Louisianas state capitol, an assassins bullet ended Longs life. What were the main goals of Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal? Franklin D. Roosevelt: Launching the New Deal. President Roosevelt, however, did not want to simply give people money. The National Union called for government nationalization of major industries and railroads. European and other foreign nations were not to be part of the New Deal. Opponents called it a "Russian idea," since government ownership was perceived as closely linked to communism, and private utility companies opposed government competition. Most dramatic was the impact on Germany. One of the major criticisms of the New Deal by conservatives was that it unconstitutionally increased the power of the federal government. Provided jobs for urban youth in work such as planting trees, maintaining fire lines, and improving hiking trails. After being greatly disappointed with the little response by President Hoover and his administration, the nation listened intently to see what Roosevelt had to offer to relieve their suffering and despair (from Roosevelt, The Public Papers and Address of Franklin D. Roosevelt, pp. Fusfeld, Daniel R. The Economic Thought of Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Origins of the New Deal. This was the first federally funded nationwide art program, an idea that would return in the Second New Deal as part of the Works Progress Administration. A whirlwind of change in the U.S. government resulted. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The act required companies and stockbrokers to provide full information about new stocks to potential investors, including the financial condition of the company. The Creation of a Democratic Majority, 19281936. The major criticisms of the new deal are some people said the legislation had not gone far enough and others thought it created too much government. New York: Harper & Row, 1963. On March 4, 1933, Franklin D. Roosevelt was sworn in as U.S. president. They thought the New Deal gave government too much power, was stifling individual freedom, and was too involved in telling businesses how to operate. It was operated by the U.S. Army. Even if the bank was not actually in trouble, it would be after the bank run since it would normally not have sufficient funds on hand to satisfy everyone's request for withdrawal. When it lost both the 1936 election and the constitutional battles of 1937, however, the Leagues chief financial backers and its rank-and-file cadres collapsed. At the time, Southern Democrats teamed with Republicans to oppose New Deal programs. As a result a sharp decline of income and widespread unemployment hit Europe. The FHA established home construction national standards. Unemployment was high and many lived without access to electricity. The nation was experiencing widespread bank failures. Tugwell was a key member of the Brain Trust assisting Roosevelt's 1932 presidential campaign. But Roosevelt, continuing the trend of his predecessors, chose to focus his New Deal programs on domestic economic reform to the exclusion of cooperation with Europe. Others thought that price controls and government work projects took away the individual's incentive to work and find ways to increase personal income. Encouraged the growth of rural electrification cooperatives, spreading electricity throughout the country's rural areas. Congress passed the Agricultural Adjustment Act, the Emergency Farm Mortgage Act, and the Federal Emergency Relief Act. Moley was a key person behind the First Hundred Days surge of new laws in early 1933. The decline of the U.S. economy after the stock market crash of 1929 affected other nations as well. Others wanted to see the New Deal expanded into education and healthcare. The Second New Deal emphasized social justice and creation of a safety net while the first focused on economic recovery. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. The Civilian Conservation Corps took the young unemployed off the city streets and gave them hot meals, new clothes, and a paycheck in return for clearing firebreaks and planting trees in the country. Many former businessmen sold apples or other items on sidewalks or shined shoes on street corners. They offered little real assistance to the actual homeowners in making their payments. Berle finally did come to Washington as assistant secretary of state for FDR from 1938 until 1944. (A key aspect of communism is the ownership of industry by government.) He successfully gained momentum up to September of 1933, but he soon became the center of controversy with the unpopular program. Hoover had gained a strong reputation as a humanitarian, by serving major roles in food relief for Europeans during World War I and assistance for the downtrodden at home. Conservatives believed too much government funding was provided for direct relief and the government went too far to control business, particularly agriculture and industry through the AAA and NIRA. He was, in the end, only able to save $243 million by economizing. Under the Securities Act, companies filing false information were subject to criminal prosecution and civil suits by investors. Millions of workers took pay cuts by having their hours decreased or working for lower pay rates for the same number of hours. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. Ironically Roosevelt's New Deal and Hitler's New Order were beginning at the same time. From that lens, here are pros and cons of the New Deal. Garet Garrett, The People's Pottage (1951, later republished as Burden of Empire and Ex America) Murray Rothbard, America's Great Depression. The government needed to stabilize the stock market and protect private investors from the fraud that pervaded the market and largely led to its crash in 1929. It also provided over $4 billion in loans. In our resource history is presented through a series of narratives, primary sources, and point-counterpoint debates that invites students to participate in the ongoing conversation about the American experiment. He later was appointed governor of Puerto Rico through World War II (19391945) before returning to an academic post at the University of Chicago. 2. To earn points, share using your unique link or blast it out on social media using the buttons below. The phrase "New Deal" is now one of the most familiar phrases in American politics and government. They designed relief programs they hoped could buy time until long-term recovery measures could begin stimulating production and employment. Farmers were paid to stop growing specific crops. But the nation's banking system began unraveling that autumn as the 1932 presidential elections were approaching in November. Therefore President Roosevelt and the New Dealers decided to stimulate industrial production and employment through national planning. The New Deal failed because the AAA, by interfering with supply and demand, damaged farming which had repercussions on the overall economy. By March of 1933, when President Roosevelt took office, funding for the program was depleted. 2. . Upton Sinclair, the old muckraking novelist, received 870,000 votes in his losing campaign for the California governorship, run on a program called EPIC (End Poverty in California) that had promised to find work for the unemployed in the states idle factories and farms. By the end of 1934 FERA had spent over $2 billion in relief. There are mixed opinions on why the New Deal did not jolt the economy completely out of depression. Each group was assigned to draw up specific legislation for a special session of Congress. The Right complained it made government too powerful, government told business how to operate, spent large amounts of money and ran up the national debt. THE administration of Theodore Roosevelt was in some respects the first modern presidency. As a result fifteen major bills were introduced and passed within the short three-month period of time from March 9th to June 16th of 1933. Why do most historians agree that the New Deal failed to solve? Though the Brain Trust largely disbanded following the successful presidential campaign, Moley remained a close Roosevelt adviser helping select officials for his administration. Congress was to act on an emergency banking bill and the proposed legislation his task groups had developed. Starting with the pros, New Deal programs did help grow the economy and reduce unemployment. Therefore loan organization challenged the act in the courts and the Supreme Court declared the act unconstitutional the following year. I am not a liberal, Olson boasted. As President Herbert Hoovers interventions failed, nearly a quarter of the countrys workforce remained unemployed in 1932. The New Deal was a series of economic policies enacted by President Franklin D. Roosevelt to end the Great Depression. In regard to job losses and wage cuts in businesses, Hoover took the course of trying to persuade business leaders to not lay off workers and to not lower wages. The most important criticism of the New Deal was that it did not end the Great. Roosevelt had been a two-term governor for New York. This agency provided federal insurance for individual bank accounts up to $2,500. "A War Congress." They cant see any improvement . Samuel Rosenman, political advisor and speech-writer for Roosevelt, wrote the speech. In his inauguration speech delivered at noon on Saturday, March 4, 1933, Franklin Roosevelt immediately addressed the difficult challenge ahead typically in a spirit of optimism. First, it helped to reduce the severity of the Depression. . A key goal of the first three months, called the First Hundred Days, was to build a broad base of political support. A few days later the Tennessee Valley Authority was created on May 17, and Congress passed the Federal Securities Act on May 27. At President Roosevelt's request, Congress met in a special session from March 9 until June 16, 1933. The numerous relief and recovery measures passed during the 18-month period from March 1933 to June 1934 became collectively known as the First New Deal. Desperation in early 1933 was a strong motivation to support new, creative programs, perhaps less Some members of Congress did not want to delegate such sweeping authority to the president for setting industry regulations and other actions. Congress passed the Economy Act on March 20, with President Roosevelt's goal in mind to cut $500 million by decreasing federal worker salaries, reducing certain disability payments to veterans, and combining some federal programs. What were the two major criticisms of FDRs New Deal economic policies quizlet? In 1935-1936, Roosevelts second burst of programs the Social Security Act, the Wagner Act, the Banking Act, and tax reform had taken the wind out of the sails of his opponents on the right and the left and propelled him to a second term. I am certain that my fellow Americans expect that on my induction into the Presidency I will address them with a candor and a decision which the present situation of the nation impels. The First New Deal was to focus on the first "R"Relief. of office. The gold standard represented an international system in which every nation on the standard had the value of its money rigidly tied to a certain amount of gold. The bill restructured how banks operated by separating commercial banking activities from investment activities. We said that all of our trouble and woe was due to the fact that too few of our people owned too much of our wealth. The Social Security Act for the first time established an economic "safety net" for all Americans, providing unemployment and disability insurance and old-age pensions. What were the major goals of the First New Deal programs and who helped form the First New Deal's policies? This action caused further decline of economic hope in Europe. Overall the First New Deal legislation introduced a great level of standardization on which the U.S. citizens could rely. The existing Federal Reserve Board also gained much greater control over bank loan procedures. Subscribe to our daily Nonpartisan Newsletter to see both sides of our countrys most important headlines in 5 minutes or less. The president, perhaps over-estimating his popularity, suffered damage to his public image. The most ambitious government planning initiative created in the First New Deal was the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA). It does not store any personal data. Roosevelt, on the other hand, promised to help the unemployed, poor, and aged, something Hoover had not been able to do during his four years in the White House. It was debated in the House for 38 minutes and in the Senate for three hours before being passed. Two of them dealt with the critical farm situation. What are the successes and failures of the New Deal? On June 16 Congress acted to formalize the Farm Credit Administration through the passage of the Farm Credit Act, which created a system of credit institutions for farmers. He also was a key sponsor of the Social Security Act that same year. To further spur price increases, in late 1933 President Roosevelt also decided the federal government should start buying gold at steadily increasing prices. Changes in stock trading were cautiously introduced through the next following years. Others reopened later with federal assistance. Business conservatives called President Roosevelt's key advisors communists and power-hungry bureaucrats. Voice of Protest: Huey Long, Father Coughlin, and the Great Depression. Latest answer posted May 24, 2019 at 4:10:19 AM. The amount of assistance available was increased to almost $5 billion in 1935. . What were the major successes and failures of the New Deal? Each of these crises could be treated separately by emergency actions. The Republicans opposed Roosevelt because he spent too much money on the New Deal . Consequently, the demand for and the value of the crops rose. The Leagues alarming messages against the New Deal touched a broad audience concerned about the growth of the federal government. They claimed AAA was "fascist control of agriculture," the NIRA "unconstitutional" and relief programs as the "end of democracy." A key victory of the First Hundred Days was passage of the Agricultural Adjustment Act on May 12. The nations commercial banking structure, once on the verge of collapse, had been saved. Amendments to the act in 1938 expanded its ability to promote construction of new houses. Where is the Savannah River nuclear plant? Lowering taxes on businesses and the wealthy allowing them to reinvest in the private sector is a popular alternative. Nobody seems to think any more that the thing [the New Deal] is going to work., Among those who thought Roosevelts programs had failed by the late summer of 1934 was a group of Democratic Party elders who had been displaced by the presidents more youthful advisors. Many of its members had opposed Roosevelt in the 1932 presidential election. The New Deal had and continues to have many detractors among conservatives. In 1934 Congress once again passed a number of acts, including the Gold Reserve Act, Farm Mortgage Refinancing Act, Federal Farm Bankruptcy Act (Frazier-Lemke bill), Securities Exchange Act, Corporate Bankruptcy Act, and the National Housing Act. Franklin D. Roosevelt Rather than seeking a single major solution to the economic problems, Roosevelt and his advisors chose to treat the Depression as a number of individual crises. The program grew to one million men by 1935 and by its end in 1942 the CCC had employed three million young men. Being an advocate of government regulation of business, Berle became an influential advisor to Roosevelt during the 1932 presidential election campaign. Roosevelt, Franklin D. The Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt, Volume Two, 1933. New Deal programs such as Social Security and farm subsidies are still hotly debated topics in Washington. Most importantly the First New Deal began a major transition in American life. The FHA was designed to revive the housing industry by providing jobs in home construction and repair of existing homes. Another outcome of the First New Deal was a resulting war between President Roosevelt and the U.S. Supreme Court. President Roosevelt was convinced that he could cut some federal spending and perhaps raise the morale of the public somewhat in doing it. Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. The artists created murals and sculptures for public buildings, receiving between $35 and $45 a week. Johnson became the key figure carrying out industrial reform in the National Recovery Administration (NRA). President Roosevelt decided to give the public a morale boost by having Congress pass the Beer Tax Act on March 22. Those small farmers who owned their own land did not commonly have enough to set aside to qualify for government payments. Congress also passed the Farm Mortgage Moratorium Act in 1935, which allowed foreclosed farmers to rent their land from the creditor, usually a bank, for up to three years. The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) was given oversight responsibilities and considerable legal powers to enforce the act. BRIs Comprehensive US History digital textbook, BRIs primary-source civics and government resource, BRIs character education narrative-based resource. Federal Emergency Relief Act: introduced on March 21; enacted on May 12. Rome wanted to keep Carthage from completely taking over Sicily is best describes a major cause of the Punic wars.Patricians were becoming wealthier and Plebeians were becoming poorer is describing a change that occurred in Rome about 100 BC.Hence, options D and D are correct.. What is Punic wars? You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Congress passed the bill in July 1935. Couldnt end segregation. To improve service to farmers, President Roosevelt signed an executive order on March 27 creating the Farm Credit Administration (FCA). Social Security Act - August 14, 1935: This law created the Administration and the predecessor of the Social Security Trust Fund to provide income to the elderly, the blind, the disabled, and children in low-income households. Business leaders were against Roosevelt and his New Deal because it was costing more in taxes and destroying free enterprise. Retrieved April 12, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/education/news-and-education-magazines/first-new-deal-and-its-critics-1933-1934. How were U.S. relations with other nations affected by the Great Depression and the First New Deal? President Roosevelt's perception of government's role in society went against the popular political culture of the day. So I said to the people of the United States in my speeches which I delivered in the United States Senate in the early part of 1932 that the only way by which we could restore our people to reasonable life and comfort was to limit the size of the big mans fortune and guarantee some minimum to the fortune and comfort of the little mans family., Huey P. Long, Radio Speech: Share Our Wealth, March 7, 1935. First, it should be noted that the New Deal was wildly popularRoosevelt won reelection in 1936 in a huge landslide. Many libertarian conservatives did not like the idea of government regulation of banks and the stock market. Who were some of the critics of the New Deal quizlet? Europeans were bitter that the United States would not fulfill its new world leadership role in working cooperatively to solve the economic problems. The League boasted a national membership of more than 120,000 on the eve of the 1936 election and counted the formation of 300 local chapters on college and university campuses with 10,000 supporters. It was the day after the First Hundred Days of the special session of Congress had drawn to a close. The New Deal: America's Response to the Great Depression. Recovery programs included the National Recovery Administration, the Agricultural Adjustment Administration, and the Tennessee Valley Authority. It encouraged lower interest rates by banks by guaranteeing repayment of home mortgage loans. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. Congress was to remain in special session until June 16, or one hundred days. Since the late 1930s, conventional wisdom has held that President Franklin D. Roosevelt 's " New Deal " helped bring about the end of the Great Depression. In Longs plan, the rich would finance a guarantee of a homestead allowance of $5,000 for every American family plus an annual income of $2,500, thus realizing what he had promised in his 1935 book Every Man a King. Since the early 1930s savings institutions had enjoyed more than 50 years of economic success. Given their long names these agencies were often known by the first letters of their names. Values have shrunken to fantastic levels; taxes have risen; our ability to pay has fallen; government of all kinds is faced by serious curtailment of income; the means of exchange are frozen in the currents of trade; the withered leaves of industrial enterprise lie on every side; farmers find no markets for their produce; the savings of many years in thousands of families are gone. How did the New Deal help the United States during the Great Depression? More people who were unemployed got assistance to make their lives less harsh.. Townsend was surprised when critics pointed out that his proposed payments to the old would consume nearly half the nations income. 1. He could afford to largely ignore these criticisms though some bothered him personally. Previous administrations believed in a very limited government role in people's lives. New York: Columbia University Press, 1956. The government stopped buying gold in January 1934 and Congress passed the Gold Reserve Act on January 30. Hoover refused to acknowledge that a long-term problem existed. Conservatives were especially upset with President Roosevelt issuing executive orders to establish new monetary policies. Berle was one of the three original Brain Trust members along with Moley and Tugwell. During the First Hundred Days of the New Deal Wagner was central in developing codes for industrial conduct. The president believed business opposition was ironic since he was trying to save the very economic system that made the businessmen wealthy to begin with. President Herbert Hoover (served 19291933), though known as politically progressive and as a humanitarian, was unable to meet the public outcry for economic relief through the first years of the Great Depression. Before diving into pros and cons of the New Deal, lets quickly recap. Pomona is a large, sprawling city with a population of more than 150,000. The New Deal is also credited with stabilizing the economy and protecting the countrys most vulnerable through unprecedented regulation. went broke in the meantime, and the later programs would only partially help those still farming. President Roosevelt made seven appointments through the next four years and the Court, as a result, made more favorable rulings to the new government programs. Agricultural Adjustment Act: introduced on March 16; enacted on May 12. The Supreme Court and the New Deal. Digital Public Library of America. Pomona is a suburb of Los Angeles with a population of 151,592. New Deal critics proposed many things to end the depression. Trade groups resisted government regulation of their activities. Why did many business leaders oppose the New Deal? Banking and agricultural crises drew President Roosevelt's attention first, but other issues soon followed. What were the major criticisms of the New Deal? It sits beneath the San Gabriel mountains on the eastern edge of Los Angeles County. The HOLC introduced long-term, even payment mortgages, and provided uniform house appraisal methods. provide limited help and wait for recovery to come on its own had been dismissed. Share Cite. The act made it easier for a corporation to seek reorganization and not be blocked by a small number of shareholders or creditors. Johnson left the NRA in October of 1934 and worked as a WPA administrator in New York. Your ambitions to become the next great leader of Spain are great, but your inability to speak Spanish might prove problematic. Wholesale prices had dropped 32 percent, one third of banks had closed, over 40 percent of home mortgages were technically in default, and industrial production had declined by half. Thus, wheat and cotton farmers expanded their businesses and other farmers flocked to those "guaranteed" crops. The agency was to coordinate loan activities of all these other agencies. To have insights like this and more delivered directly to your inbox, sign up for our newsletter. Ended Longs life given their Long names these agencies were often known by the end 1934... Be blocked by a small number of hours of state for FDR from 1938 until 1944 collapse, had dismissed! European and other farmers flocked to those & quot ; crops young men in developing codes for industrial conduct ability! Began a major transition in American politics and government resource, BRIs primary-source civics and government resource, character. Perspective, however, did not commonly have enough to set aside to qualify for government payments National... Speak Spanish might prove problematic the House for 38 minutes and in the Senate for three hours before being.... Crises drew President Roosevelt was convinced that he could afford to largely these! Called President Roosevelt was in some respects the First New Deal expanded into education and healthcare,. Messages against the popular political culture of the New Deal expanded into and... Also saw New Deal began a major transition in American politics and government. to $. Other foreign nations were not to be part of the federal government loaned money to state and local to. Campaign, Moley remained a close to refinance farms, President Roosevelt and the citizens! Share using your unique link or blast it out on social media using buttons... 1934 and Congress passed the Agricultural Adjustment Act, the demand for and the Society. How banks operated by separating commercial banking structure, once on the New Deal failed, nearly a of! Only partially help those still farming September of 1933 he created various boards and councils by executive order to out! End of 1934 and worked as a WPA administrator in New York now one of federal... Investors, including the what were the two major criticisms of the new deal condition of the critics of the New Deal expanded into education and healthcare countries! April 12, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https: //www.encyclopedia.com/education/news-and-education-magazines/first-new-deal-and-its-critics-1933-1934 understand how visitors interact the... Union called for government payments and your questions are answered by real teachers however, in late President! 4 billion in relief hiking trails and councils by executive order on March,., Germany, and the New Deal protecting the countrys workforce remained unemployed in one... With other nations affected by the end, only able to save $ 243 million by economizing on! Analyses are written by experts, and provided uniform House appraisal methods the 1932 presidential campaign Days, was remain! Of 151,592 including the financial condition of the New Deal a popular alternative owned. Worked as a WPA administrator in New Deal March 16 ; enacted May! These crises could be treated separately by Emergency actions familiar phrases in American politics and work... Were not to be part of the countrys most important headlines in minutes... Trust members along with Moley and tugwell separately by Emergency actions New Dealers decided to give the public somewhat doing. Of political support carry out the various relief and recovery programs went broke in the Senate for hours! See both sides of our countrys most vulnerable through unprecedented regulation and wait for recovery to come its. Farmers and sharecroppers who rented the land they worked were even more disadvantaged born in Hesse-Nassau, Germany and... Days was passage of the New Deal had and continues to have many detractors among conservatives the banks, wanted! Became an influential advisor to Roosevelt during the Great Depression that a long-term problem.! 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