Almost immediately, the revenues from oil began to make Nigeria a wealthy nation. Songhai collapsed in 1591 when a Moroccan army conquered Gao and Timbuktu. [50], The Kingdom of Nri is considered to be the foundation of Igbo culture and the oldest Kingdom in Nigeria. River basin development projects have created many large man-made lakes, including Lake Kainji on the Niger and Lake Bakolori on the Rima River. Others have suggested that the technology moved west from the Nile Valley, although the Iron Age in the Niger River valley and the forest region appears to predate the introduction of metallurgy in the upper savanna by more than 800 years. Nigeria. With the increase of resource spending and oil exportation, Nigerian GDP and HDI (Human Development Index) have risen phenomenally since the economically stagnant rule of Sani Abacha, but the primary population still survives on less than US$2 per day. In 1808 the Hausa Nation was finally conquered by Usman dan Fodio and incorporated into the Hausa-Fulani Sokoto Caliphate.[45]. The country became independent on October 1, 1960, and in 1963 adopted a republican constitution but elected to stay a member of the Commonwealth. This lack of communication left the new acting President Jonathan with no knowledge of his predecessor's plans. The PRC promulgated a new constitution based largely on the suspended 1979 constitution, before the 29 May 1999 inauguration of the new civilian president. The President moved quickly and retired hundreds of military officers holding political positions, established a blue-ribbon panel to investigate human rights violations, released scores of persons held without charge, and rescinded numerous questionable licenses and contracts left by the previous regimes. It might suggest speech and that the figure has something to tell us. [110], The Ibadan School dominated the academic study of Nigerian history until the 1970s. [52][53] He has been characterized as having first given societal order to the people of Anambra. - Offers a view of one of the main sources of income for the country. In a move towards greater autonomy to minority ethnic groups, the military divided the four regions into 12 states. During his first days in office, President Babangida moved to restore freedom of the press and to release political detainees being held without charge. Nigeria is not only large in arealarger than the U.S. state of Texasbut also Africas most populous country. The accused were tried before a Gen Victor Malu military tribunal in which Diya and five others- Late Gen AK Adisa, Gen Tajudeen Olanrewaju, Late Col OO Akiyode, Major Seun Fadipe and a civilian Engr Bola Adebanjo were sentenced to death to die by firing squad. In an attempt to alleviate such problems Abubakar's government implemented a civil service pay raise and other reforms. Opposition leaders formed the National Democratic Coalition (NADECO), which campaigned to reconvene the Senate and other disbanded democratic institutions. The Umunoha state in the Owerri area used the Igwe ka Ala oracle at their advantage. [94] Abacha dissolved all democratic institutions and replaced elected governors with military officers. Though those efforts have been hard to come by, as many violent ethnic and religious clashes occurred in the late 1990s and early 2000s, Nigeria has continued to face governmental, ethnic, religious, health related, educational, economic, and other issues ("Nigeria"). Throughout the 16th-century much of northern Nigeria paid homage to Songhai in the west or to Borno, a rival empire in the east. The Akintola faction argued that the Yoruba peoples were losing their pre-eminent position in business in Nigeria to people of the Igbo tribe because the Igbo-dominated NCNC was part of the governing coalition and the AG was not. South of Kano the mixed soils contain locally derived granite and loess (wind-borne deposits). 2014. The area was formerly the Igala Division of Kabba province, and is now part of Kogi State. [8] From the 15th century, European slave traders arrived in the region to purchase enslaved Africans as part of the Atlantic slave trade, which started in the region of modern-day Nigeria; the first Nigerian port used by European slave traders was Badagry, a coastal harbour. These included Islamic empires in northern Nigeria and smaller organized political groupings in southern Nigeria. Communal violence has plagued the Obasanjo government since its inception. A separatist movement later formed the Republic of Biafra in 1967, leading to the three-year Nigerian Civil War. However, on June 12, 2018, General Muhammadu Buhari, as president, announced a shift in this date from May 29 to June 12, as from the year 2019. [13] Nigeria first became a republic in 1963, but succumbed to military rule after a bloody coup d'tat in 1966. At the same time, rival schools developed. Despite Borno's hegemony the Hausa states continued to wrestle for ascendancy. 3.0 MAIN CONTENT 3.1 Origin of NAN A new development in the history of the mass media in Nigeria took place in 1976 with the establishment of an independent wire service-the NAN by the Federal Government. [87], Following the civil war, the country turned to the task of economic development. The vast country Kanem-Bornu reaching from Libya to Nigeria was created by the people of Zaghawa in nomadic Nilodic in the North-East of Nigeria by 700. Major General Muhammadu Buhari emerged as the leader of the Supreme Military Council (SMC), the country's new ruling body. The school's output appears in the "Ibadan History Series."[111]. The entire territory of the Royal Niger Company came into the hands of the British government. Corrections? All announced candidates were disqualified from standing for president once a new election format was selected. However, Nigerias most diverse feature is its people. The greatest and the well-known empire that ruled the region before the British arrived was the Benin Empire whose ruler was known as Oba of Benin. [80] Some of the Young Majors were arrested and detained by the Ironsi government. [93] Babangida (IBB) cited the misuse of power, violations of human rights by key officers of the SMC, and the government's failure to deal with the country's deepening economic crisis as justifications for the takeover. This name was allegedly coined in the late 19th century by British journalist Flora Shaw, who later married Baron Frederick Lugard, a British colonial administrator. All of the Nok statues are very stylized and similar in that they have arched eyebrows with triangular eyes and perforated pupils. Author of, Professor of Geography, University of Ibadan, Nigeria. The country's landscape features plains in the north and south. A student reacts during a parade to commemorate Nigeria's 55th Independence Day in Lagos, October 1, 2015. [25][26] Iron smelting furnaces at Taruga, a Nok site, date from around 600 BC. [41] The Niger River, for which the country is named, and the Benue, its largest tributary, are the principal rivers. From the outset, Nigeria's ethnic and religious tensions were magnified by the disparities in economic and educational development between the south and the north. This name was coined on 8 January 1897, by the British journalist Flora Shaw, who later married Frederick Lugard, a British colonial administrator. Breunig, Peter. However, in 1962, a faction arose within the AG under the leadership of Ladoke Akintola who had been selected as premier of the West. From 1959 to 1960, Jaja Wachuku was the First Nigerian Speaker of the Nigerian Parliament, also called the "House of Representatives." Gradually Borno's position weakened; its inability to check political rivalries between competing Hausa cities was one example of this decline. There are 400 deities called Orisha who perform various tasks. Its scholars also wrote the textbooks that were used at all levels of the Nigerian education system for many years. Nigeria as a nation has a rich and complex history which can be traced to when it first became a British protectorate in 1901. Pending the promulgation of the constitution written in 1995, the government observed some provisions of the 1979 and 1989 constitutions. Goodluck Jonathan called for new elections and stood for re-election in April 2011, which he won. Igala people are majorly found in Kogi state. These tropical grasslands spread out as far as the eye can see . The economic collapse of the 1980s also greatly hurt the scholarly community, especially the sharp devaluation of the Nigerian currency. "A political history of Nigeria and the crisis of ethnicity in nation-building. [88], The U.S. analysts said that "Nigeria is still very much a tribal society" where local and tribal alliances count more than "national attachment. The Hausa Kingdoms began as seven states founded according to the Bayajidda legend by the six sons of Bawo, the unique son of the hero and the queen Magajiya Daurama in addition to the hero's son, Biram or Ibrahim, of an earlier marriage. According to one of the various myths about him, he founded Ife and dispatched his sons and daughters to establish similar kingdoms in other parts of what is today known as Yorubaland. On 1 October 1954, the colony became the autonomous Federation of Nigeria. History. The eyes and the eyebrows suggest an inner calm or an inner serenity. However, Bello chose to remain as premier of the North and as party boss of the NPC, selected Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, a Hausa, to become Nigeria's first Prime Minister. The Northern People's Congress (NPC) represented conservative, Muslim, largely Hausa and Fulani interests that dominated the northern region of the country, consisting of three-quarters of the land area and more than half the population of Nigeria. The earliest iron technology in West Africa has also been found to be contemporary with or predate that of the Nile valley and North Africa, and some archaeologists believe that iron metallurgy was likely developed independently in sub-Saharan West Africa.[30][29]. Obasanjo, a former general, was admired for his stand against the Abacha dictatorship, his record of returning the federal government to civilian rule in 1979, and his claim to represent all Nigerians regardless of religion. Large freshwater swamps give way to brackish mangrove thickets near the seacoast. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. Many Fulani moved into Hausaland and Borno, and their arrival increased tensions because they had no loyalty to the political authorities, who saw them as a source of increased taxation. He later attempted to renege on this decision, but without popular and military support, he was forced to hand over to Ernest Shonekan, a prominent nonpartisan businessman. Shortly afterwards the AG opposition leader, Chief Obafemi Awolowo, was imprisoned to be without foundation. This is a figure that seems to be in the midst of a conversation. In early 1989 a constituent assembly completed a constitution and in the spring of 1989 political activity was again permitted. Kingdoms west of the River Niger like Aboh (Abo), which was significantly populated by Igbos among other tribes, dominated trade along the lower River Niger area from the 17th century until European explorations into the Niger delta. The NCNC represented the interests of the Igbo- and Christian-dominated people of the Eastern Region of Nigeria. Cotton grew readily in the great plains of these states, and they became the primary producers of cloth, weaving and dying it before sending it off in caravans to the other states within Hausaland and to extensive regions beyond. Obasanjo had recently stated on national radio that he would "deal firmly" with election fraud and violence advocated by "highly placed individuals." Historically, the Yoruba people have been the dominant group on the west bank of the Niger. In December 1991 state legislative elections were held and Babangida decreed that previously banned politicians could contest in primaries scheduled for August. The Oyo Empire held supremacy over other Yoruba nations like the Egba Kingdom, Awori Kingdom, and the Egbado. The Yoruba were organized in mostly patrilineal groups that occupied village communities and subsisted on agriculture. Acceptance of Islam was gradual and was often nominal in the countryside where folk religion continued to exert a strong influence. The government alleged in early 1995 that military officers and civilians were engaged in a coup plot. It has been in an acute stage since last January when a military coup d'tat destroyed the constitutional regime bequeathed by the British and upset the underlying tribal and regional power relationships. [73] Western education and the development of a modern economy proceeded more rapidly in the south than in the north, with consequences felt in Nigeria's political life ever since. The Etymological Origins of the Word Nigeria The name Niger-ia, or Nigger area was given to that country by the mistress of one of the most evil-minded genocidal murders of Muurs named Lord (Bloodclat!) This led to an increase in trans-Saharan Trade. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. The major cause of Borno's decline was a severe drought that struck the Sahel and savanna from in the middle of the 18th century. On 15 January 1966, a group of army officers (the Young Majors) mostly south-eastern Igbos, overthrew the NPC-NNDP government and assassinated the prime minister and the premiers of the northern and western regions. This was to commemorate the June 12th election of 1993, and the events that surrounded it. The Nigerian Army, vastly expanded during the war, is both the main support to the FMG and the chief threat to it. The neat protrusion from the chin represents a beard. The most powerful of these states were Ghana, Gao, and Kanem, which were not within the boundaries of modern Nigeria but which influenced the history of the Nigerian savanna. The first post-independence national government was formed by a conservative alliance of the NCNC and the NPC. The Igala Kingdom expanded beyond the present-day boundary. The term means that people should be independent and live within political boundaries that corresponded to where they lived. [29] The transition from Neolithic times to the Iron Age apparently was achieved indigenously without intermediate bronze production. Nigeria is bordered to the north by Niger, to the east by Chad and Cameroon, to the south by the Gulf of Guinea of the Atlantic Ocean, and to the west by Benin. Nigeria is bordered to the north by Niger, to the east by Chad and Cameroon, to the south by the Gulf of Guinea of the Atlantic Ocean, and to the west by Benin. [24], Stone axe heads, imported in great quantities from the north and used in opening the forest for agricultural development, were venerated by the Yoruba descendants of Neolithic pioneers as "thunderbolts" hurled to earth by the gods. Sonni Ali seized Timbuktu in 1468 and Djenn in 1473, building his regime on trade revenues and the cooperation of Muslim merchants. [32], According to the Encyclopedia of African History, "It is estimated that by the 1890s the largest slave population of the world, about 2 million people, was concentrated in the territories of the Sokoto Caliphate. Political parties, however, tended to reflect the makeup of the three main ethnic groups. Numerous ancient African civilizations settled in the region that is known today as Nigeria, such as the Kingdom of Nri,[1] the Benin Empire,[2] and the Oyo Empire. However, the subsequent massacre of thousands of Ibo in the north prompted hundreds of thousands of them to return to the south-east where increasingly strong Igbo secessionist sentiment emerged. [12] Nigeria became a British protectorate in 1901. In September 2001, over 2,000 people were killed in inter-religious rioting in Jos. In February 2010, Goodluck Jonathan began serving as acting president in the absence of Yaradua. The election was marred by electoral fraud, and denounced by other candidates and international observers.[102][103]. Nok: African Sculpture in Archaeological Context: p. 21. The new president faces the daunting task of rebuilding a petroleum-based economy, whose revenues have been squandered through corruption and mismanagement. In the precolonial period the country normally produced enough agricultural commodities to feed its population, and it even maintained a surplus for export. In the 11th-century, the conquests initiated by Gijimasu of Kano culminated in the birth of the first united Hausa Nation under Queen Amina, the Sultana of Zazzau but severe rivalries between the states led to periods of domination by major powers like the Songhai, Kanem and the Fulani. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Benin exercised considerable influence on the western Igbo, who adopted many of the political structures familiar to the Yoruba-Benin region, but Asaba and its immediate neighbours, such as Ibusa, Ogwashi-Ukwu, Okpanam, Issele-Azagba and Issele-Ukwu, were much closer to the Kingdom of Nri. Obasanjo was reelected in 2003. The University of Ibadan was the first university to open in Nigeria, and its scholars set up the history departments at most of Nigeria's other universities, spreading the Ibadan historiography. There's no documented date for exactly what day and month Nigeria got her name. [65] Akwa Akpa (named Calabar by the Spanish) became a center of the Atlantic slave trade, where African slaves were sold in exchange for European manufactured goods. For local elections, nine parties were granted provisional registration with three fulfilling the requirements to contest the following elections. Alternate titles: Federal Republic of Nigeria, Emeritus Lecturer in the Modern History of Africa, University of Oxford; Emeritus Fellow of St. Antony's College, Oxford. [62][63], The Arochukwu kingdom emerged after the Aro-Ibibio Wars from 1630 to 1720, and went on to form the Aro Confederacy which economically dominated Eastern Nigerian hinterland. "Africa's most populous country (population estimated at 48 million) is in the throes of a highly complex internal crisis rooted in its artificial origin as a British dependency containing over 250 diverse and often antagonistic tribal groups. The Yoruba are especially known for the Oyo Empire that dominated the region. The leading scholars of the Ibadan School include Saburi Biobaku, Kenneth Dike, J. F. A. Ajayi, Adiele Afigbo, E. A. Ayandele, O. Ikime and Tekena Tamuno. [95], The new president took over a country that faced many problems, including a dysfunctional bureaucracy, collapsed infrastructure, and a military that wanted a reward for returning quietly to the barracks. [49] According to the Yoruba, Oduduwa is regarded as the ancestor of the Yoruba kings. In 1979, five political parties competed in a series of elections in which Alhaji Shehu Shagari of the National Party of Nigeria (NPN) was elected president. He was assassinated on 13 February 1976 in an abortive coup and his chief of staff Lt. Gen. Olusegun Obasanjo became head of state. Neither Abacha nor Abubakar lifted the decree suspending the 1979 constitution, and the 1989 constitution was not implemented. Shonekan was to rule until elections scheduled for February 1994. The Buhari government was peacefully overthrown by the SMC's third-ranking member General Ibrahim Babangida in August 1985. [83] The Ironsi government's efforts to abolish the federal structure and the renaming the country the Republic of Nigeria on 24 May 1966 raised tensions and led to another coup by largely northern officers in July 1966, which established the leadership of Major General Yakubu Gowon. The name, "Nigeria", given us by Flora Shaw, wife of former colonial master, Frederick Lugard, bears a negative vibration. Despite the low turnout, there was no violence and both parties demonstrated strength in all regions of the country, with the SDP winning control of a majority of local government councils. General Muhammadu Buhari was declared the winner of the 2015 presidential elections. Gobir, located in the west, was the "Chief of War" and was mainly responsible for protecting the empire from the invasive Kingdoms of Ghana and Songhai. [72] On 1 January 1900, the British Empire created the Southern Nigeria Protectorate and the Northern Nigeria Protectorate. Respect for the priestly functions of the oni of Ife was a crucial factor in the evolution of Yoruba culture. Excavations in Ugwuele, Afikpo and Nsukka show evidence of habitation as early as 6,000 BC. [14] Nigeria became a republic again after a new constitution was written in 1979. According to another legend, Eri was one of Gad's sons who traveled down to build modern-day Igboland, as described in the Bible's book of Genesis. Each king is a ritual reproduction of Eri. The Nok culture is thought to have begun smelting iron by 600-500 BC and possibly some centuries earlier. Archaeological findings pieced together show that by the . Women, for example, continued to exercise considerable political influence. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. 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