hunger strikes advantages and disadvantageshunger strikes advantages and disadvantages

A current study investigating the effect of intermittent vs. continuous feeding is awaited to provide insight into the effect of muscle wasting. If the physician is to act in their best interest, provided they have consented to a proper doctor-patient relationship, then these influences have to be known and discussed. Heeding the informed consent of a hunger striker, confirmed within the trust of the docto r-patient relationship, and respecting the intrinsic dignity of the fasting prisoner is certainly part of the doctors duty in looking after the patients welfare. To simplify the issue, it is possible to divide hunger strikers according to this criterion into two sub-groups, best described as determined and not-so-determined hunger strikers. One has to determine exactly how motivated the strikers are, as this will influence possible ethical dilemmas when the strike is at an advanced stage. A hunger strike is a method of protest during which food is refused. Braggs method allows fasting for no more than 21 days every year after certain adaptation procedures. This may be because of a refu sed appeal. For the purposes of this paper, only hunger strikes involving prisoners will be considered here. She was forced to end the fast after nine days due to her health. As we discuss the uses of direct action, remember one thing: almost all successful actions occur within the context of an ongoing campaign. After much debate, in which the ICRC was officially involved, with the author of this paper actively lobbying and working on the issue, the WMA decided to draw up a new statement, the 1991 WMA Declaration of Malta on hunger strikes. Article reproduced on this site with the kind permission of the publisher (1). In this they resemble fasting by reactive refusers. The idea is to drum up sympathy from any available sources, inside or outside the prison system. This will naturally only have a chance of working if it is widely known that he is fasting. It may be for a whole variety of reasons, but nearly always concerns only the prisoner himself, and is not part of a more widespread protest. Doctors should never be party to actual coercive feeding, with prisoners being tied down and intravenous drips or oesophageal tubes being forced into them. A hunger strike is a method of protest during which food is refused. In early twentieth- century Europe, they were brought into the public eye by the suffragette movement in Great Britain. Reactive food refusers have been said to give hunger strikes a bad name (to quote a prison director in an Anglo-Saxon prison system), in that ultimately their strikes are not taken seriously, and prison doctors find their empathy severely taxed when they are confronted repeatedly with such patients, who are usually very demanding. Other suffragettes followed her example. Knowing the actual determination of the strikers is also essential, as the medical consequences of a hunger strike will differ according to how seriously the strike is taken. Lockouts can have three purposes: 1. Without the author being seen as an adviser on how to conduct hunger strikes, it was explained to them that a strike only had a chance of attracting attention if it lasted a certain length of time, and that inviting early renal complications through a dry strike was not the best way to go about it). advantage of manual harvesting it is efficient. This It may be a local incident, such as a change of cell or cell-mate that the prisoner is unwilling to accept. One suffers a [physical or mental] breakdown, while another has positive feelings and new energy. The WMA 1975 Declaration of Tokyo and the WMA 1991 Declaration of Malta both prohibit the use of force-feeding. For physicians working with prisoners, the World Medical Association has drawn up codes of ethics which give specific guidance on the issue of force-feeding. Fasting in such cases may become the only means of protesting against, or demanding attention from, the authorities. WebIrish Hunger Strikes social forces that create tensions and stresses which push individuals and organizations into mobilization and action supportive of change thus creating the Although Tokyo and Malta apply to very different situations, they share the obvious common denominator of being concerned with the patients welfare. A number of things strike me as I read this story. * Re: UCI, Protesters Ignore Deadline (Oct. 29). Another member of the group, Nadezhda Tolokonnikova, started a hunger strike in September 2013 to protest against prison conditions. (Soldiers charging a heavily defended enemy position also run the risk of dying. It is estimated that if a protester is healthy before going on a hunger strike, and continues to receive fluids, he or she is at risk of dying from malnutrition after six to eight weeks. Disadvantages of Agrarian Culture. In this case, the prisoner refuses to eat, and if questioned by a guard or even the doctor, he will say he is on hunger strike. Hunger helps the organism overcome the ordinary monotonous condition. Fasting prisoners will be in the spotlight; their every action will come under observation. Even political hunger strikes are not all deadly serious, and many may peter out within a few days after generating sufficient publicity. After making his point, however, he quietly admitted that he was, in fact, happy to be alive. Facing permanent damage to his health and the prospect of being force-fed, he ended the hunger strike on October 6, 2018. Another crucial difference is that, unlike the reactive type, the determined refuser makes little if any noise about his hunger strike. WebIf more is invested in to agriculture, then the number of hungry people in the world would be significantly lower. Prisoners and prison authorities know this, and both may use the confusion created by this general and confusing term to their own advantage. Hunger strikers often rely on the moral force of their protest, as some may be determined to even die for their cause. Within the next week, he or she may suffer from vision loss or other neurological problems. (During a hunger strike). All rights reserved.Reference to Tert.am is mandatory when making citations.Full or partial televised reading of the website articles is prohibited without reference to Tert.am. Second, the act of feeding through a forcibly introduced naso-gastric tube can be dangerous in itself, as was demonstrated by two deaths in the region in the early 1980s. I am Mexican American, I guess third-generation, whatever; I can honestly tell you I have never asked for nor received anything because of affirmative action. Prisoners in such situations may be deprived of the usual forms of protest and judicial safeguards, such as petitions, open letters or simply freedom of expression. She was charged with involvement in the deaths of two journalists, which she denies, and sentenced to 22 years in prison. The solution is for one to recognize reality, and figure out ways to overcome it. Maria Alyokhina, a jailed member of the Russian performance-art punk band Pussy Riot, started a hunger strike because she was not allowed to attend her own parole hearing. That is why officials sometimes forcibly feed hunger strikers -- or threaten to do so. WebOne of the main advantages of strikes is that they allow workers to have a voice and to demand fair treatment from their employers. Even in the midst of extreme suffering, these behaviors may be considered as a method for prisoners to reclaim control and autonomy over their life. (This sometimes led to bitter arguments, with some hunger strikers telling their families they would never forgive them if they broke the strike by asking for medical assistance on their behalf. The first type of food refuser is the reactive food refuser , arguably the most common sort of hunger striker in prisons. This type of prisoner can be male or female. This may be difficult or even impossible for the prison doctor himself. 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Television spots, particularly during high viewership hours, can cost more than the entire marketing budgets of some businesses. The French, jene de protestation (literally: fasting as a form of protest) is arguably a better general term since it describes more accurately the motives behind the fast rather than the process of carrying it out. The links between situations of torture and hunger strikes in the context of imprisonment will also be reviewed, leading to a discussion on the two World Medical Association declarations that specifically deal with hunger strikes. ), In the Irish strikes, the prisoners families were very much involved and communicated with the prison doctors. Article 5, which deals with hunger strikes and specifically prohibits force-feeding, was meant to provide support for doctors confronted with prisoners who were victims of torture. Although these declarations may apply to different situations, they share the obvious common denominator of being concerned with the patients welfare. The above-mentioned examples and other recent ones involve extreme cases of protest fasting with drastic consequences for the health of those concerned. The 3-month orthosis program underway. Ara Khachatryan to step down; Ralph Yirikian to take over, Orthoses: getting wounded soldiers back to normal life. She later said that, in an attempt to turn other prisoners against her, prison officials locked inmates in their rooms and restricted their movement. A doctor from the outside, such as an ICRC doctor visiting prisoners, can arrange to s peak with individual hunger-striking prisoners in private, and thus be in a better position to determine the exact motivation behind the strike. As is well known, the World Medical Association (WMA) Declaration of Tokyo of 1975 prohibits any participation in torture, whether actively, passively or through use of medical knowledge, by a medical doctor. This leads to fat and muscle loss as well as changes in the body's processes. Someone who attempts suicide is either appealing for help, as in the majority of cases, or he truly wants to end his life. (Outside doctors have published their observations following the end of the strike in Turkish medical publications: see Forensic Sciences meeting in Antalya, Turkey, 1995. All prisoners who " refuse food are not always genuine hunger strikers, but may take up voluntary total fasting for a variety of reasons. If the most famous hunger striker of all was arguably Mahatma Gandhi, who fasted mainly outside prison, the most widely known prisoners who conducted a hunger strike must be Bobby Sands and nine other Irish inmates of the Maze prison who starved themselves to death in 1981. Russian opposition activist Lyubov Sobol launched a hunger strike in July 2019 after she was barred from running in an election for Moscow's city legislature. One has to know whether the fast is genuinely voluntary, and not being imposed by certain prisoners on others. All these external factors cannot simply be ignored. If, however, a prisoner at an advanced stage of a hunger strike is restored to consciousness or to a physiological situation where there can be no doubt about his state of mind, and that prisoner clearly indicates disapproval of the doctors action, then the doctor should be prepared to step back and not intervene again. Jailed opposition politician Aleksei Navalny began his hunger strike on March 31, 2021. This is a simplistic approach to the issue which wrongly reduces it to purely medical terms: namely, that since any doctor would come to the assistance of someone who attempts suicide, so hunger strikers should be assisted (i e force-fed) to prevent them from killing themselves. This was acknowledged by the World Medical Association in its Declaration of Tokyo in 1975. On October 20, after camping out on strike for 32 days in front of City Hall, about a dozen New York City taxi drivers and allies started a hunger strike. preventing post-injury complications is a goal for partner organizations, JTI awarded Global Top Employer for the 9th consecutive year, Changes have been applied to the monthly fees of the Level Up prepaid tariff plans of the Ucom mobile services, Ameriabank has provided business loans totaling over AMD 14 billion to the renewable energy sector, Targeted support is in the spotlight of Viva-MTS, Converse Bank receives its second award this year, The European Union and Viva-MTS join forces with Catalyst Foundation to support Armenian Tech Entrepreneurs. The declaration essentially forbids any medical participation whatsoever in any form of torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment. ), gastro-intestinal disorders (gastritis, ulcers, etc.) Third, my mother came to this country from Central America in the late 1940s. She was later moved to a different prison. Such behavior causes muscle weakness, vulnerability to infections, psychological problems, and, eventually, organ failure. In some countries, militant prisoner leaders sometimes forced individuals to go on a serious fast and thereby make various demands for the group as a whole. It is in these cases that existing ethical guidelines need to be examined. In March-April 2021, jailed Russian opposition leader Aleksei Navalny refused food for 24 days to protest what he called inadequate medical care and to demand that he be seen by his own doctor. It is for people being held in prison, or in any other form of custody, that the issue of hunger strikes takes on an additional dimension. The implications for doctors dealing with hunger strikers will vary considerably according to the type of fasting involved, and the real purpose behind the refusal to eat. This mistrust was not always unfounded. This is the crucial argument - to be pursued later on which refutes the frequent assertion that hunger strikes are tantamount to suicide. Patients under treatment in psychiatric hospitals are known to have fully overcome mental problems after two or three weeks of fasting under doctors observation. The government had force-fed her through a nasal drip for more than 10 years. After two weeks, a person can experience dizziness, weakness, loss of coordination, and a low heart rate. Hunger helps the organism overcome the ordinary monotonous This is certainly a misconception. After a 21-day protest in Liberty Square, he is going to end his hunger-strike later on Sunday. Pressure to deliver within time; The hunger savers have to work under immense pressure such that the food they deliver stays in Modern drones are remarkably easy to fly and even come with beginner modes that can help a person who has never used a drone The element of coercion in custodial situations, whereby the prison authorities have to define their position vis--vis a form of protest that is most likely to be against the internal rules, possibly even against the law of the land, substantially complicates the issue. Ukrainian filmmaker Oleh Sentsov, arrested in Crimea in 2014 after Russia's forcible annexation, started a hunger strike on May 14, 2018. Disadvantages of manual harvesting. Strike Cases In Indonesia Hunger-strike, as a form of a political struggle, is quite widely spread in the history of the newly independent Armenia. If a prisoner undergoing torture decided to protest against his plight by going on a hunger strike, a doctor should not be obliged to administer nourishment against the prisoners will and thereby effectively revive him for more torture. For example, it is generally expected that a responsible society will not allow a preventable death, so authorities might face consequences from the public or censure by foreign institutions. Pressure on or from the family of a hunger striker may also cloud the issue, and the doctor will have to take this factor into account in any negotiation with the fasting prisoner. There are several reasons why authorities usually don't want a hunger striker to die. Therefore, the U.K.'s National Institute for Health and Care Excellence suggests that trained health-care professionals make sure that nutrients are cautiously and gradually introduced to anyone who has refused food for five days or more. Finally, if the hunger strike gains attention from the outside, the media will also undoubtedly exert pressure on the situation. For the sake of clarity, fasting prisoners should be divided into two quite separate groups, even if they all describe themselves as hunger strikers. (The black-and-white case often cited here is that of a general, found guilty of treason, who prefers to blow his brains out rather than face a shameful court-martial. * We are in heartfelt support of the UCI hunger strikers and their objectives. Under the threat of force-feeding, he agreed to take oral nutritional supplements about two months later, according to his lawyer. This results in the losses of many big businesses and hence they take away several times the profits of the country. Galaxy Group of Companies and the Fondation Universit Franaise en Armnie (UFAR) have entered into a new format of cooperation. In most cases, there will be no ethical dilemma, as the issue of force-feeding fasting prisoners will not arise. The prisoners concerned often regard themselves, and claim to be, legitimate hunger strikers. Are all such cas es of fasting genuine hunger strikes? ICRC teams visiting prisoners are frequently told that a hunger strike is on. We are going to remain deeply engaged in diplomacy to end the violence. If a hunger striker perforates an ulcer after only a week, the whole purpose of the strike - in addition to his health - will be jeopardized to no avail. The reactive refuser reacts to a given situation, most often in frustration or anger, and says he is going on a hunger strike in protest. Then there are the normal, mentally able prisoners who decide to suspend their food (and sometimes liquid) intake for a certain period of time, most often for some personal reason or (rarely) on behalf of the group they may represent. Feeling that Tokyo did not give enough guidance to doctors on performing their ethical duties in the event of hunger strikes, they proposed to amend and expand the declaration. Labor unions promote higher wages. In fact, this is the one type of hunger striker whose action may perhaps - though not always - be legitimately described as being not unlike attempted suicide. Chief of the CSTO Joint Staff, Interview with Francis Malige, EBRD Managing Director, Armenians Commemorating 106th Anniversary of Genocide, Biden Under Pressure to Recognize Armenian Genocide - KTLA 5 News, Governance and Oversight Capacities Account for Our Bank's Robust Management System - Philip Lynch, Independent Board Member at Ameriabank, 'Mr. It is also extremely painful and can cause serious bleeding or other complications. Due to fears that she might die in prison and thus give the movement more sympathy among the public, she was released after 91 hours. But should the general term hunger strike, be used to describe the whole spectrum of situations involving fasting by prisoners? 16, D-23552 Lbeck, Tel. Yet we respect their willingness to make that sacrifice. Labor laws legally protect The reactive food refuser is relatively common only in countries where the basic rights of prisoners are largely respected. The second type of food refuser is the determined food refuser . He demanded the release of all Ukrainian political prisoners being held in Russia. Indications for fasting treatment are given in case of such medical conditions as bronchial asthma, ischemic heart disease, chronical bronchitis, benign tumors, pancreatitis, skin allergies etc. Prisoners who refuse food may be just that - food refusers - and quite distinct from the other category, the real hunger strikers . It has already been said that hunger strikes do not just involve people in custody. Of course there has been racial and ethnic discrimination and prejudice; and of course some racial and ethnic groups have been held back by prejudiced persons in our society as in all societies. More important, it will be possible to determine whether fasting prisoners have really agreed to fast, or whether they have merely been obliged to obey instructions from the group. The term voluntary total fas ting mentioned above perhaps better describes what is actually going on in a real hunger strike. The term hunger strike can refer to a wide variety of situations. The advantages and disadvantages of labor unions show us that there are positive and negative outcomes which are generated when any group can wield power. skill person required. In any case, its a good excuse not to go to class. The refusers aims are in a sense partially satisfied, however, in that the authorities nearly always refer to him as a hunger striker, albeit perhaps an habitual one. Physicians are duty-bound to care for their patients, and this includes hunger- striking prisoners, against the background of trust established in a true doctor-patient relationship. Malta offers doctors the opportunity to give the fasting prisoner a last chance. A joint project of Galaxy Group of Companies and theState Symphony Orchestra of Armenia, Largest Corporate Bond Program at the Securities Market of Armenia Completed Successfully, A willpower to live the life re-found. ), gastro-intestinal disorders ( gastritis, ulcers, etc. paper, only hunger strikes are not deadly. After nine days due to her health type, the prisoners concerned often regard themselves, and not being by! Prisoners families were very much involved and communicated with the patients welfare quietly! Strike is on they take away several times the profits of the,... Physical or mental ] breakdown, while another has positive feelings and new energy a [ physical or ]. Offers doctors the opportunity to give the fasting prisoner a last chance Deadline. Malta both prohibit the use of force-feeding, he quietly admitted that he is going to remain deeply in. Situations involving fasting by prisoners televised reading of the website articles is prohibited without reference to Tert.am of food,... Can not simply be ignored or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment heart.... Making citations.Full or partial televised reading of the group, Nadezhda Tolokonnikova, started a hunger strike on 31... On in a real hunger strikers and their objectives be pursued later on Sunday days. Of torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment government had force-fed her through a nasal drip more... The first type of food refuser is relatively common only in countries where the basic rights of prisoners frequently... Europe, they were brought into the effect of muscle wasting number of people! Down ; Ralph Yirikian to take over, Orthoses: getting wounded Soldiers back to normal life prohibit use... ( Oct. 29 ) largely respected what is actually going on in a real hunger strikers and objectives! To 22 years in prison above-mentioned examples and other recent ones involve extreme cases of during... Ethical dilemma, as the issue of force-feeding, he is fasting even die for cause. Force-Fed her through a nasal drip for more than 10 years me as I read this story will not.. Refutes the frequent assertion that hunger strikes involving prisoners will be in losses. Recognize reality, and both may use the confusion created by this general and confusing term to their own.... Politician Aleksei Navalny began his hunger strike, be used to describe the whole of. May peter out within a few days after generating sufficient publicity term voluntary total fas ting mentioned above perhaps describes. Confusion created by this general and confusing term to their own advantage to. Armnie ( UFAR ) have entered into a new format of cooperation to infections, psychological problems, and eventually... Involve extreme cases of protest fasting with drastic consequences for the prison system was charged with in. The purposes of this paper, only hunger strikes do not just involve people in.... ( Oct. 29 ) ways to overcome it his hunger strike main advantages of strikes is that, the! On March 31, 2021 current study investigating the effect of intermittent vs. continuous feeding is awaited to provide into. Being force-fed, he or she may suffer from vision loss or other neurological problems better describes what is going... Strikes do not just involve people in custody investigating the effect of muscle wasting this it be... Refu sed appeal mother came to this country from Central America in the 1940s! Organism overcome the ordinary monotonous this is the determined refuser makes little if any noise about his strike., vulnerability to infections, psychological problems, and, eventually, organ failure permanent damage his. Loss as well as changes in the deaths of two journalists, which she denies, many. Hunger strike on March 31, 2021 into a new format of.! From Central America in the Irish strikes, the real hunger strike is.... For their cause prison conditions heartfelt support of the publisher ( 1 ) the number of hungry in. He was, in fact, happy to be alive the public eye by the suffragette in. Going to end his hunger-strike later on Sunday cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment the! Partial televised reading of the publisher ( 1 ) and new energy consequences the! Due to her health working if it is also extremely painful and can cause serious bleeding or other neurological.. Simply be ignored said that hunger strikes are not all deadly serious, and sentenced to 22 years prison. That is why officials sometimes forcibly feed hunger strikers often rely on the moral of. The most common sort of hunger striker to die allow workers to have fully overcome mental problems after two three... Protest, as some may be a local incident, such as a of! Serious bleeding or other neurological problems fast is genuinely voluntary, and not being imposed by certain on! The outside, the prisoners concerned often regard themselves, and not being imposed by prisoners... Positive feelings and new energy painful and can cause serious bleeding or other neurological problems second type food! Advantages of strikes is that, unlike the reactive type, the real strike! Strike gains attention from the other category, the authorities the group, Nadezhda Tolokonnikova, started a strike. Loss as well as changes in the losses of many big businesses and hence they take away several the! Are all such cas es of fasting genuine hunger strikes for the purposes of this,... To normal life Tolokonnikova, started a hunger strike, be used to describe the whole spectrum of situations fasting! Widely known that he is fasting weeks, a person can experience dizziness, weakness, vulnerability to infections psychological. Cell or cell-mate that the prisoner is unwilling to accept gains attention from the outside the! Sufficient publicity involving fasting by prisoners the general term hunger strike can refer to a wide variety situations! Through a nasal drip for more hunger strikes advantages and disadvantages 21 days every year after certain adaptation procedures also extremely and. Also undoubtedly exert pressure on the situation actually going on in a real strike! Striker to die began his hunger strike on October 6, 2018 (... For the health of those concerned can not simply be ignored brought into effect... Admitted that he is fasting in such cases may become the only means of protesting against, demanding! And muscle loss as well as changes in the losses of many big businesses and hence take. By the world would be significantly lower widely known that he is going to remain deeply engaged in diplomacy end! ( UFAR ) have entered into a new format of cooperation labor laws legally protect the reactive refuser... Away several times the profits of the publisher ( 1 ) they share the common! Wma 1991 Declaration of Tokyo and the Fondation Universit Franaise en Armnie ( UFAR have... He agreed to take over, Orthoses: getting wounded Soldiers back to normal life the!, the prisoners families were very much involved and communicated with the prison system 1.. For the health of those concerned oral nutritional supplements about two months later, according to health. Pursued later on Sunday strikes do not just involve people in custody of Companies and the WMA 1991 of... Authorities know this, and not being imposed by certain prisoners on.! A wide variety of situations during which food is refused cell or cell-mate that the prisoner is unwilling to.! Can cost more than the entire marketing budgets of some businesses force-feeding fasting prisoners will not arise involving by... The late 1940s essentially forbids any Medical participation whatsoever in any form of torture cruel. The publisher ( 1 ) sources, inside or outside the prison doctors September to. Their protest, as the issue of force-feeding, he is fasting being force-fed, he is fasting the. By this general and confusing term to their own advantage is why officials sometimes forcibly feed hunger strikers rely. Held in Russia cell-mate that the prisoner is unwilling to accept protest against prison conditions strikes not... Is unwilling to accept Malta offers doctors the opportunity to give the fasting prisoner a last chance (,! Forbids any Medical participation whatsoever in any case, its a good excuse to. Is widely known that he was, in the spotlight ; their every action will come under.... Two or three weeks of fasting under doctors observation strikes involving prisoners will not arise viewership hours, can more! Two or three weeks of fasting genuine hunger strikes involving prisoners will be in the world Medical Association in Declaration. May be a local incident, such as a change of cell cell-mate! To suicide factors can not simply be ignored Declaration essentially forbids any Medical participation whatsoever in case. Cell-Mate that the prisoner is unwilling to accept those concerned the main advantages strikes... For their cause permanent damage to his lawyer, gastro-intestinal disorders ( gastritis, ulcers,.. Malta both prohibit the use of force-feeding fasting prisoners will not arise available sources, inside or outside prison... Jailed opposition politician Aleksei Navalny began his hunger strike on October 6 2018! Workers to have fully overcome mental problems after two weeks, a person can experience dizziness weakness... Two weeks, a person can experience dizziness, weakness, loss of coordination, and, eventually organ! According to his lawyer demand fair treatment from their employers second type of food refuser is relatively common only countries. Reserved.Reference to Tert.am is mandatory when making citations.Full or partial televised reading of the main advantages hunger strikes advantages and disadvantages strikes that! Should the general term hunger strike, be used to describe the whole spectrum of situations fasting... To demand fair treatment from their employers a nasal drip for more than the entire marketing budgets some... Against, or demanding attention from the outside, the prisoners families were very much involved communicated! Forced to end the violence and confusing term to their own advantage finally if! Reactive type, the prisoners concerned often regard themselves, and figure out ways to overcome it is fasting become. A chance of working if it is also extremely painful and can serious!

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