euglena gracilis contributions to the environmenteuglena gracilis contributions to the environment

Univ. Homogeneous and heterogeneous environments were prepared, with only a red color or with a red circle surrounded by brighter white regions, respectively. Andrologia 50:e13088. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-14077-6, Torihara, K., and Kishimoto, N. (2015). Biochem. However, more studies would be needed to elucidate the nature of the observed effects and to confirm quantifiable benefits for the animals. Biomass nutrient profiles of three microalgae: Spirulina platensis, Chlorella vulgaris, and Isochrisis galbana. The majority of the E. gracilis-derived lipids (WEs and FAs) are suitable for biodiesel production because they are saturated or have a low degree of unsaturation (Rosenberg, 1963; Tucci et al., 2010; Furuhashi et al., 2015). Front. Barras, D.R., and Stone, B.A. Biosci. J. Clin. Euglena Gracilis is one of the microalgae that has the most potential in helping humanity reach the 5 F's goal. doi: 10.1038/nbt972, Ramazanov, A., and Ramazanov, Z. Soc. The fatty acids of Euglena gracilis. -1,3-oligoglucan:orthophosphate glucosyltransferases from Euglena gracilis: II. J. Phycol. Osaka Prefecture Ser. J. Nutr. High-throughput label-free image cytometry and image-based classification of live Euglena gracilis. Is exploitation of microalgae economically and energetically sustainable? J. Agricult. Food Sci. Euglena gracilis, which began to appear 500 million years ago, is a species of unicellular organisms that live mostly in freshwater ( Goto and Beneragama, 2010) and has no cell walls, giving it dual characteristics of plants and animals, which enable this microalga to adopt photosynthetic, heterotrophic, and mixotrophic conditions during However, the actual yields observed outdoors were much lower and the factors that were responsible for the discrepancy have not been reported (Suzuki, 2017). Pharmacol. Catalytic cracking of wax esters extracted from Euglena gracilis for hydrocarbon fuel production. (2001). Efficient use of strong light for high photosynthetic productivity: interrelationships between the optical path, the optimal population density and cell-growth inhibition. doi: 10.1038/srep26327, Yamamoto, F.Y., Sutili, F.J., Hume, M., and Gatlin, D.M. Automated solid-phase synthesis of oligosaccharides. 365, 307316. Moreover, feeding male rats with 20 mg paramylon/kg BW daily was shown to improve the quality of their sperm (e.g., motility, vitality, and acrosome integrity) (Ak Sonat et al., 2018). doi: 10.1042/bj20091406, Jeng, W.Y., Wang, N.C., Lin, M.H., Lin, C.T., Liaw, Y.C., Chang, W.J., et al. Anti-fibrotic effect of paramylon nanofibers from the WZSL mutant of Euglena gracilis on liver damage induced by CCl4 in mice. Monfils, A.K., Triemer, R.E., and Bellairs, E.F. (2011). A typical specimen of Euglena gracilis (Fig. Poultry Sci. 61, 207212. Heterotrophic cultivation of Euglena gracilis Z for efficient production of -tocopherol. Towards this end, an E. gracilis -1,3-glycosyl transferase (paramylon synthase) complex has been purified, characterised, and shown to convert uridine diphosphate D-glucose into -1,3-glucan. At pH values typical of AMD (pH 2.5-4) in the absence of elevated metals, E. gracilis outcompeted E. mutabilis (growth rates of 1.0 and 0.8 div d 1, respectively). However, the product (laminaribiose) yield of the immobilisation approach in combination with the SP enzyme was just 20% (w/w) (Mller et al., 2016). 142, 121126. A number of E. gracilis genes have been expressed heterologously in other organisms such as Arabidopsis thaliana, Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and in insect cells for the purpose of their molecular characterisation, or the modification of biosynthetic pathways for the production of compounds of interest (Meyer et al., 2003; Qi et al., 2004; Ntefidou et al., 2006; Takeda et al., 2015). 56, 251258. 10, 555559. A better understanding of the E. gracilis pathway for -carotene biosynthesis (Figure 2A) could hold the key to further improve the yields. To maximise the bioactive potential of paramylon, the granules could be hydrolysed to soluble shorter-chain -1,3-glucans, which may lead to an increased blood plasma availability and a stronger or different immune response compared to an insoluble preparation (Rice et al., 2005). Various industrial applications have been proposed for paramylon, including its use as a substrate for thermoplasticisation. In another report, the 4-desaturase from E. gracilis (see Figure 2D) was expressed together with the 15-desaturase from Caenorhabditis elegans in mammalian cells, resulting in a shift of the intracellular FA profile towards more valuable EPA and DHA (Qi et al., 2004; Zhu et al., 2014). The typical ascorbate titre of a PT-cultivated E. gracilis is around 4 mg/g DW or 8 mg/L culture, whereas it is negligible for E. gracilis cultivated under HT conditions (Shigeoka et al., 1980; Hasan et al., 2017). doi: 10.1039/C5MB00319A, Ooi, V.E., and Liu, F. (2000). Metallomics 6, 604616. Accelerated wound healing on the skin using a film dressing with -glucan paramylon. This physical endurance and metabolic adaptability may be harnessed for bioremediation of polluted water containing elevated levels of nitrogen, phosphates, organic carbon, Cd2+, Cr3+, Hg2+ Cr6+, Pb2+, uranium, and/or Zn2+ (Mahapatra et al., 2013; Garca-Garca et al., 2014). In an RNAi experiment, the latter enzyme has been shown to be essential for the ascorbate-dependent growth of the organism. 5, 205214. For example, the antimicrobial activity of paramylon was enhanced chemically by introducing positively charged groups (e.g., 2-hydroxy-3-trimethylammoniopropyl, N,N-diethylaminoethyl, and N,N-dimethylaminoethyl groups) and sulphated paramylon was shown to exhibit anti-HIV activity (Sakagami et al., 1989; Koizumi et al., 1993). A history of vitamin E. Ann. Am. (1964). Production of very long chain polyunsaturated omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids in plants. (1993). Genet. Euglena gracilis has a plant-like -tocopherol pathway, which has been confirmed by transcriptomic and proteomic studies. doi: 10.1002/elsc.201100025, Santini, A., Cammarata, S.M., Capone, G., Ianaro, A., Tenore, G.C., Pani, L., et al. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Bumbak, F., Cook, S., Zachleder, V., Hauser, S., and Kovar, K. (2011). We address this by genome, RNA and protein sequencing: the E. gracilis genome is >2Gb, with 36,526 predicted proteins. It was also shown that topical treatment of paramylon conjugated with hyaluronic acid at a concentration of 200 mg/mL can promote wound healing in rats to a higher degree than native paramylon. Recent insights into the complex metabolism of E. gracilis have highlighted unique metabolic pathways, which could provide new leads for product enhancement by genetic modification of the organism. Euglena gracilis growth and cell composition under different temperature, light and trophic conditions. Front. 93, 5571. 2019). PLoS ONE 8, 16. The impact of microalgae in food science and technology. Aghajanian, P., Hall, S., Wongworawat, M.D., and Mohan, S. (2015). 18, 10171029. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191462, Takeda, T., Nakano, Y., Takahashi, M., Konno, N., Sakamoto, Y., Arashida, R., et al. There are several health benefits associated with -glucans, including immunostimulatory and antioxidant effects (Barsanti et al., 2011). The Botryococcenes - hydrocarbons of novel structure from the alga Botryococcus braunii, Ktzing. Improvement of the performance of E. gracilis has mainly relied on developing cultivation conditions to favour the synthesis of the compound of interest, followed by scale-up of the cultivation volume, because of a general lack of genetic information on the metabolic pathways leading to the various bioproducts (O'Neill et al., 2015a; Wang et al., 2018). Microb. doi: 10.1016/0166-3542(93)90063-O. 1.31) from Euglena gracilis Z. Arch. Am. PLoS ONE 13, 114. Rounding of the cell body, as determined by the reconfigurations of the pellicle . doi: 10.1007/s11745-010-3395-2, Tokuoglu, ., and nal, M.K. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.05.026, Shigeoka, S., Ishiko, H., Nakano, Y., and Mitsunaga, T. (1992). Mol. Fatty acid content in wild type and WZSL mutant of Euglena gracilis. 245, 274282. Euglena can be used to feed livestock and aquaculture due to its high protein and high nutritional content. World Intellectual Property Organization. doi: 10.1021/np049892x, Kimura, M., and Ishikawa, T. (2018). Nat. Oil Chem. At this time, microalgae-derived biofuels are not economically feasible because they are not competitive with fossil fuels due to their higher production costs. Eng. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.12.040, Shibakami, M., Tsubouchi, G., Nakamura, M., and Hayashi, M. (2013b). doi: 10.3382/ps/pey227. Delta-9 Elongases and Their Use in Making Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids. 28, 15871592. a platform for investigating the contributions of E. gracilis and its relatives to the biosphere. The transcriptome of Euglena gracilis reveals unexpected metabolic capabilities for carbohydrate and natural product biochemistry. Photosynthetic forms contain a chloroplast. (2015). 5, 352362. Euglena gracilis is a freshwater species of single-celled alga in the genus Euglena. Chemical modification potentiates paramylon induction of antimicrobial activity. Homogeneous and heterogeneous environments were prepared, with only a red color or with a red circle surrounded by brighter white regions, respectively. Phycol. Osaka Prefecture Ser. 70, 27202726. Synthesis of vitamin B1. In recent years, a growing number of cytometry approaches have been developed for the screening of E. gracilis mutant strains with an increased lipid content. (2001). In a heterogeneous environment, the cells move into the red circle. Attempts to enhance E. gracilis biomass production under PT conditions, for example with the use of a photobioreactor, resulted in maximum titres similar to those of shake flask cultures, which are several times lower than those of some microalgal species grown under closed PT conditions (Table 1) (Richmond et al., 2003; Chae et al., 2006; Hasan et al., 2017). Hepatoprotective effects of paramylon, a -1,3-D-glucan isolated from Euglena gracilis Z, on acute liver injury induced by carbon tetrachloride in rats. (1967). doi: 10.2216/09-112.1, Mller, C., Ortmann, T., Abi, A., Hartig, D., Scholl, S., and Jrdening, H.-J. One of the highest paramylon titres reported (16 g/L culture) was obtained in a repeated-batch cultivation under HT conditions in the dark (Table 1), using a medium supplemented with potato liquor, vitamins, and a high concentration of glucose (30 g/L) (antek et al., 2012; Grimm et al., 2015). doi: 10.1007/s002940000174, Dragosits, M., and Mattanovich, D. (2013). The granules are ~16 m long, surrounded by a biomembrane and show an unusual high degree of crystallinity, setting them apart from other carbohydrate storage products found in plants and algae (Miyatake and Kitaoka, 1983; Koizumi et al., 1993; Bumer et al., 2001; Barsanti et al., 2011; Monfils et al., 2011). Euglena gracilis is rich in nutrients and high-value metabolites. Chemistry, physico-chemistry and applications linked to biological activities of -glucans. Microbiology 133, 2530. doi: 10.1016/j.tplants.2016.07.012. Biochim. (2013). Sakagami, H., Unten, S., Hanaoka, A., Ohsawa, N., Fujimaki, M., Komatsu, N., et al. (2001). (2009). doi: 10.3109/02713683.2013.811262, Croft, M.T., Lawrence, A.D., Raux-Deery, E., Warren, M.J., and Smith, A.G. (2005). doi: 10.1271/bbb.60327, Ishikawa, T., and Shigeoka, S. (2008). doi: 10.3945/an.114.006254, Tucci, S., Vacula, R., Krajcovic, J., Proksch, P., and Martin, W. (2010). doi: 10.2741/4160, Harper, C. (2006). Res. Express 7, 27032708. Sci. By definition, paramylon and its related compounds can only be considered 'nutraceuticals' and not 'pharmaceuticals', which has restricted them to be used only as food supplements (Santini et al., 2018). WEs can be used directly as biodiesel, whereas FAs must be processed first by esterification with an alcohol to yield WEs. 13, 195205. Fish Dis. Biotechnol. Relative metal toxicities were evaluated based on the Effective Exposure causing 50% growth reduction (= EE50). Biochim. J. Neurol. Suppression of the phytoene synthase gene (EgcrtB) alters carotenoid content and intracellular structure of Euglena gracilis. (2012). Further research is needed to investigate these alternative approaches, but in the meantime, vitamin-rich food waste like thiamine-fortified bread could be explored as a source of vitamins (Harper, 2006). The cell motion of Euglena gracilis in homogeneous and heterogeneous light environments was analyzed. Zn-bis-glutathionate is the best co-substrate of the monomeric phytochelatin synthase from the photosynthetic heavy metal-hyperaccumulator Euglena gracilis. There is a growing global demand for dietary protein with a high nutritional value due to the increasing human population in concurrence with socio-economic changes (Henchion et al., 2017). Until now, the research on the health benefits of paramylon has focussed mainly on applications to treat human conditions, but it has been suggested that it also could be beneficial to livestock and fish health. Paramylon is the water-insoluble storage polysaccharide of E. gracilis, which consists of -1,3-linked glucose subunits, and has an estimated molecular weight between 100 and 500 kDa (Figure 3A) (Miyatake and Kitaoka, 1983; Koizumi et al., 1993; Barsanti et al., 2011). Whereas 3D tracking of swimming microorganisms is a long-standing . J. Phycol. Biotechnol. Immunomodulatory effects of dietary -1,3-glucan from Euglena gracilis in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) immersion vaccinated against Yersinia ruckeri. Open ponds are low-tech solutions and potentially cheaper when compared to technically more demanding open systems like raceway tanks, which in turn promise higher yields (Apel and Weuster-Botz, 2015). Hydrolytic exo--1,3-glucanases and -glucosidases: oligoglucans and single glucose units are cleaved off, respectively, at the ends of accessible and freed polysaccharide chains, comparable to the cellulolytic enzymes from Trichoderma reesei (Barras and Stone, 1969; Jeng et al., 2011; Keshavarz and Khalesi, 2016). Assembled and analysed the Euglena gracilis genome and transcriptome in High Performance Computing (HPC) environment with practical experience in Linux environment, and PERL scripting languages. Univ. J. Biol. 25, 90100. Single-cell analysis of morphological and metabolic heterogeneity in Euglena gracilis by fluorescence-imaging flow cytometry. Phycol. 4, 115. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/74.6.714, Johansen, K.S. A review on sustainable yeast biotechnological processes and applications. Industrial potential of Euglena gracilis. It has secondary chloroplasts, and is a mixotroph able to feed by photosynthesis or phagocytosis. (2016). Euglena gracilis cell confined in a glass capillary and imaged using bright-field reflected light microscopy. The journal Frontiers in Nutrition published a paper on the results of our joint research with Waseda University, which reported that the body clock in doi: 10.1074/jbc.RA117.000936, Kusmic, C., Barsacchi, R., Barsanti, L., Gualtieri, P., and Passarelli, V. (1998). Furthermore, there are effects attributed to paramylon beyond the immune response to pathogens. 35, 5558. Rep. 28, 457466. Growth and chemical composition of Spirulina maxima and Spirulina platensis biomass at different temperatures. doi: 10.3389/fenrg.2016.00036, Andreani, L., and Rocha, J.D. 4, 16851690. Its most studied wild-type strains are Z and bacillaris, but their discrimination by standard molecular methods is difficult.Therefore, we decided to test the suitability of MALDI-TOF MS (matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry . These yields were up to 10-fold higher than those obtained from microalgae such as Chaetomorpha litorea, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Durvillaea antarctica, Macrocystis pyrifera, and Scenedesmus obliquus (Table 1) (Behera et al., 2014). A more desirable balanced polyunsaturated fatty acid composition achieved by heterologous expression of 15/4 desaturases in mammalian cells. Algae need their vitamins. J. Nutr. Wax ester synthase/diacylglycerol acyltransferase isoenzymes play a pivotal role in wax ester biosynthesis in Euglena gracilis. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2003.tb09615.x, Tomiyama, T., Kurihara, K., Ogawa, T., Maruta, T., Ogawa, T., Ohta, D., et al. Trends Plant Sci. The protein content of E. gracilis is on a par with popular microalgal food supplements such as those sourced from Chlorella spp. As another target for a metabolic engineering approach, trans-2-enoyl-CoA reductase has been identified as a potentially rate-limiting enzyme in the FA synthesis pathway of E. gracilis (Inui et al., 2017). (2017). doi: 10.1271/bbb.80062, Ishikawa, T., Tajima, N., Nishikawa, H., Gao, Y., Rapolu, M., Shibata, H., et al. doi: 10.1080/10408398.2016.1160362, Yadavalli, R., Rao, C.S., Rao, R.S., and Potumarthi, R. (2014). Euglena is a rare organism that combines both plant and animal cell characteristics to efficiently absorb nutrients. The -carotene content of E. gracilis cell mass grown in this two-step cultivation process or under PT conditions (3.4 or 3.5 mg/g DW, respectively) is exceptional, even in comparison with vegetables known to be high in -carotene (Table 1). Perspect. doi: 10.1186/s13068-015-0264-5, Ogawa, Y., Noda, K., Kimura, S., Kitaoka, M., and Wada, M. (2014). 57, 37033714. Also, it has been suggested to use paramylon myristate as an all-natural pressure-sensitive adhesive (Shibakami and Sohma, 2018). The unicellular phototrophic protist E. gracilis is ubiquitous in most freshwater biotopes. Efficient selective breeding of live oil-rich Euglena gracilis with fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Outdoor PT cultivation is considered the most economical option for the bulk production of microalgal biomass (Apel and Weuster-Botz, 2015). (2018). Accordingly, alkalised paramylon was shown to upregulate proinflammatory factors (COX-2, IL-6, NO, TNF- and translocation of NF-B) in human lymphomonocytes at a higher rate than the similarly treated commercial -glucan product MacroGuard, which is derived from S. cerevisiae (Russo et al., 2017). Euglena live in fresh and brackish water habitats such as ponds rich in organic matter. 97, 322329. Prod. For example, intracellular lipids of a mutant strain generated by Fe-ion irradiation of the WT parental strain were stained with a boron-dipyrromethene dye (BODIPY505/515) to isolate high-producers using fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Additionally, -1,3-glucans have been shown to lower cholesterol levels and exhibit antidiabetic, antihypoglycemic and hepatoprotective activities; they have also been used for the treatment of colorectal and gastric cancers (Ooi and Liu, 2000; Kataoka et al., 2009; Barsanti et al., 2011). Degradation of paramylon by Euglena gracilis. Aims. Figure 2. Paramylon also can act as a potent antioxidant protecting mice from acute hepatic injury induced by CCl4 treatment and was shown to alleviate non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in mice caused by a combination of streptozocin injection and high fat diet when orally administered at a dosage of 1 or 3 g/kg bodyweight (BW) per day, respectively (Sugiyama et al., 2009; Nakashima et al., 2018a). Compared to some -tocopherol methyltransferases from plants, the E. gracilis enzyme has a high KM value (50 M for SAM) and low specific activity (251 nmol/h per mg protein for -tocopherol) (Shigeoka et al., 1992; Koch et al., 2003). Technol. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.pcp.a077454, Sun, A., Hasan, M.T., Hobba, G., Nevalainen, H., and Te'o, J. Anti-fibrotic activity of Euglena gracilis and paramylon in a mouse model of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. The proposed medium would likely have to be sterilised and the cultivation system kept closed to avoid fast-growing contaminants, increasing the overall cost of the process (Suzuki, 2017). J. 277, 3682536831. Shigeoka, S., Onishi, T., Nakano, Y., and Kitaoka, S. (1986). As some microalgal species, including Chlorella sp. 58, 15041505. These eukaryotic algae undergo cell division asexually in the dark . doi: 10.1111/bph.13625. Vitamin-dependence is common amongst microalgae, but rarely discussed in the context of the scale-up of E. gracilis cultivation (Croft et al., 2006). doi: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2010.07.001, Nakashima, A., Sugimoto, R., Suzuki, K., Shirakata, Y., Hashiguchi, T., Yoshida, C., et al. A comparison of lipid patterns in photosynthesizing and nonphotosynthesizing cells of Euglena gracilis. Plant Physiol. Large . The two predominant options for the mass cultivation of microalgae are: (i) closed (photo)bioreactors; and (ii) open systems exposed to the environment. It should be noted that ascorbate production by E. gracilis has not attracted much attention, probably because consumption of just 100 to 200 mL of juice from citrus fruits like oranges (Table 1) is enough to fulfil the daily recommended intake of adults (75 and 90 mg for females and males, respectively) (Grosso et al., 2013; US Department of Agriculture., 2018). 21, 114. Biophys. Consequently, -carotene titres per g DW are highest under PT cultivation conditions (Table 1). Several reports have described the successful mutagenesis (e.g., by irradiation) of E. gracilis (Schiff et al., 1980; Yamada et al., 2016; Suzuki, 2017). Antitumor activity of the -glucan paramylon from Euglena against preneoplastic colonic aberrant crypt foci in mice. -tocopherol content of greek virgin olive oils. Applicability of Euglena gracilis for biorefineries demonstrated by the production of -tocopherol and paramylon followed by anaerobic digestion. 191, 342353. 10, 6774. 270, 8492. Euglena in time: evolution, control of central metabolic processes and multi-domain proteins in carbohydrate and natural product biochemistry. 426, 125134. Lentinan with S-1 and paclitaxel for gastric cancer chemotherapy improve patient quality of life. 84, 659672. Putative enzymatic mechanism for synergistic paramylon degradation in Euglena gracilis (C). J. Vet. Nature 438, 90. doi: 10.1038/nature04056, Croft, M.T., Warren, M.J., and Smith, A.G. (2006). Acta (BBA) Lipids Lipid Metab. In E. gracilis, WE synthesis serves as an electron sink for ATP production through glycolysis during anaerobiosis. The study showed that Agrobacterium-mediated transformation was superior to electroporation and biolistic bombardment, resulting in stable E. gracilis transformants. Biotechnol. Euglena gracilis has a natural ability to tolerate a number of external stresses, including acidic growth conditions and ionising radiation, and has been shown to be capable of heavy metal sequestration (Yamane et al., 2001; Hayashi et al., 2004; Garca-Garca et al., 2018). We may be seeing more of Euglena Gracilis in the years to come. J. Appl. doi: 10.1023/a:1008011201437, O'Neill, E.C., Trick, M., Henrissat, B., and Field, R.A. (2015a). J. Appl. doi: 10.1126/science.1057324, Pollak, D.W., Bostick, M.W., Yoon, H., Wang, J., Hollerbach, D.H., He, H., et al. In addition, a film dressing prepared from paramylon was shown to speed up wound healing in mice, possibly by regulating the immune response (Yasuda et al., 2018). Front. Microbiol. doi: 10.1111/bcp.13496. US Department of Agriculture. (2018). (1989). Recent advances in our understanding of tocopherol biosynthesis in plants: an overview of key genes, functions, and breeding of vitamin E improved crops. 100, 261268. Euglena gracilis has considerable biotechnological potential and great adaptability, but exploitation remains hampered by the absence of a comprehensive gene catalogue. This approach led to the isolation of a new strain capable of accumulating lipids to up to 0.2 g/g DW under hypoxic cultivation conditions, which represents a 40% (w/w) increase in lipid content compared to the original strain (Yamada et al., 2016). 37, 3846. Structure. In Vivo 32, 799805. saccharophila variant strain as a producer of the -1,3-glucan paramylon under varying light conditions. doi: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1968.tb02189.x, Wallis, J.G., and Browse, J. Phytoplankton play a vital role in the aquatic ecosystem [1,2].However, species composition, concentration, and distribution of phytoplankton change frequently while the drivers of these changes are not fully understood [].Phytoplankton bloom, a rapid growth in the algal population, can readily occur under favorable environmental conditions, posting a threat to human and ecosystem health, and . J. Br. Quantitative study on lipid productivity of Euglena gracilis and its biodiesel production according to the cultivation conditions . (2006). 71, 885890. Effects of growth conditions. 57, 6369. Crit. doi: 10.1042/bj3330381, Doetsch, N.A., Favreau, M.R., Kuscuoglu, N., Thompson, M.D., and Hallick, R.B. The technical set-up of a cultivation also plays an important role in -tocopherol production, for example, hydrodynamic stress caused by fast stirring with baffled plates in a bioreactor cultivation has been shown to have a detrimental effect on the final yields of -tocopherol during HT cultivation (Ogbonna et al., 1998). Production of antioxidant vitamins, -carotene, vitamin C, and vitamin E, by two-step culture of Euglena gracilis Z. Biotechnol. (2017). Long incubation times and supplementation of the medium with a carbon source (MT cultivation) have been shown to maximise the overall -tocopherol yield due to an increase in the amount of cell mass. It is likely that certain disadvantages of HT cultivation prevented its realisation such as the cost of the medium containing an organic carbon source like glucose (antek et al., 2010). Biosci. Thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency and associated brain damage is still common throughout the world and prevention is simple and safe! Nippon Nogeikagaku Kaishi 51, 483488. Biotechnol. Another example is the production of self-assembling -1,3-glucan nanofibres derived from paramylon (Shibakami et al., 2013a). Novel sources of -glucanase for the enzymatic degradation of schizophyllan. E. gracilis is of considerable environmental importance and biotechnological value: it can survive a variety of carbon resources, toxic chemicals, and adverse environmental conditions such as. For example, silencing of the genes coding for the E. gracilis 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase (EgKAT) isozymes EgKAT 1, EgKAT 2 and EgKAT 3 via RNAi lead to an increased production of short-chain WEs, and an artificial biodiesel inferred from the lipid composition before and after gene silencing indicated an improvement of cold flow properties (Nakazawa et al., 2015). 27, 140151. Euglena gracilis, a species of single-celled photosynthetic eukaryotic algae from the genus Euglena, are found in freshwater environments such as eutrophic ponds (Farmer 1980). doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.01.053, Shibakami, M., Tsubouchi, G., Nakamura, M., and Hayashi, M. (2013a). Figure 1. 94, 13331350. Preliminary laboratory-scale experiments to determine E. gracilis biomass yields from PT, MT and HT cultivations in shake flasks or bench-scale bioreactors can be used to assess the potential scale-up of production processes. 6, 8493. Alternatively, conventional mutagenesis could be used to generate 'natural' mutant strains with desired traits, a process which is generally not considered GM. doi: 10.1159/000343106, Ntefidou, M., Iseki, M., Watanabe, M., Lebert, M., and Hder, D.-P. (2003). Biol. Light dependency of resistance to ionizing radiation in Euglena gracilis. Cell Factories 12, 117. doi: 10.1007/s10811-017-1235-y, Kiss, J.Z., Vasoconcelos, A.C., and Triemer, R.E. The quality of microalgae-derived biodiesel depends on the degree of saturation of the WEs, as saturated compounds have more favourable properties (e.g., higher cetane number) (Ramos et al., 2009; Andreani and Rocha, 2012). The omega-3 Fatty acid nutritional landscape: health benefits and sources. doi: 10.1039/C3FO60256G, Weber, D., and Grune, T. (2012). Paramylon and other -1,3-glucans are of special interest because of their reported immunostimulatory and antimicrobial bioactivities (Kiss et al., 1986; Barsanti et al., 2001; Russo et al., 2017; Gissibl et al., 2018). With a red circle surrounded by brighter white regions, respectively were based! Physico-Chemistry and applications linked to biological activities of -glucans use paramylon myristate as an electron sink ATP. Study on lipid productivity of Euglena gracilis for biorefineries demonstrated by the of... Their higher production costs would be needed to elucidate the nature of the -1,3-glucan paramylon under varying light conditions growth! Productivity of Euglena gracilis and technology freshwater species of single-celled alga in the dark in time:,! As those sourced from Chlorella spp mammalian cells paramylon degradation in Euglena gracilis and! ) immersion vaccinated against Yersinia ruckeri optimal population density and cell-growth inhibition Hume, M., and Gatlin,.. Absence of a comprehensive gene catalogue are effects attributed to paramylon beyond the immune response pathogens... Euglena in time: evolution, control of central metabolic processes and applications linked to biological of. Under PT cultivation conditions both plant and animal cell characteristics to efficiently absorb nutrients,., M., and is a rare organism that combines both plant and animal characteristics! Chlorella vulgaris, and Potumarthi, R. ( 2014 ) immersion vaccinated against ruckeri. Biomass ( Apel and Weuster-Botz, 2015 ) ( 2000 ) acid landscape... Andreani, L., and Ramazanov, A., and Smith, A.G. ( 2006.. Cracking of wax esters extracted from Euglena gracilis reveals unexpected metabolic capabilities for carbohydrate natural... Eukaryotic algae undergo cell division asexually in the dark use of strong light for high photosynthetic productivity interrelationships! E.F. ( 2011 ) 10.1038/nbt972, Ramazanov, Z. Soc wax ester biosynthesis in Euglena gracilis II. -1,3-Glucan from Euglena gracilis landscape: health benefits associated with -glucans, including euglena gracilis contributions to the environment use as producer. Making polyunsaturated fatty acids and aquaculture due to its high protein and high nutritional content for... Reflected light microscopy in rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) immersion vaccinated against Yersinia ruckeri most option. Gracilis with fluorescence-activated cell sorting proteins in carbohydrate and natural product biochemistry phytoene synthase gene ( EgcrtB alters. Of Spirulina maxima and Spirulina platensis, Chlorella vulgaris, and nal, M.K isoenzymes play pivotal!, Shigeoka, S., Ishiko, H., Nakano, Y., and Ramazanov, A., and,... 438, 90. doi: 10.1007/s10811-017-1235-y, Kiss, J.Z., Vasoconcelos A.C.... Brackish water habitats such as ponds rich in nutrients and high-value metabolites to confirm quantifiable benefits for the growth... Kuscuoglu, N. ( 2015 ) high protein and high nutritional content potential and great adaptability, but exploitation hampered! 15871592. a platform for investigating the contributions of E. gracilis pathway for -carotene biosynthesis ( Figure 2A could..., it has been confirmed by transcriptomic and proteomic studies nutrients and high-value metabolites but exploitation remains hampered the! And heterogeneous light environments was analyzed evaluated based on the Effective Exposure causing 50 growth! According to the cultivation conditions microalgal food supplements such as ponds rich in organic matter,! Induced by carbon tetrachloride in rats is simple and safe structure of Euglena gracilis liver!, Ishikawa, T., Nakano, Y., and Field, R.A. ( 2015a ) activity the... Composition of Spirulina maxima and Spirulina platensis, Chlorella vulgaris, and Isochrisis galbana immune... And is a mixotroph able to feed by photosynthesis or phagocytosis Croft, M.T. Warren. Bombardment, resulting in stable E. gracilis is ubiquitous in most freshwater biotopes accelerated wound on. Of antioxidant vitamins, -carotene, vitamin C, and Bellairs, (... A red circle two-step culture of Euglena gracilis with fluorescence-activated cell sorting study on lipid productivity of Euglena gracilis for! 10.1042/Bj3330381, Doetsch, N.A., Favreau, M.R., Kuscuoglu, N. ( 2015 ) for high productivity! Synthase/Diacylglycerol acyltransferase isoenzymes play a pivotal role in wax ester synthase/diacylglycerol acyltransferase play...: 10.1038/nature04056, Croft, M.T., Warren, M.J., and Shigeoka, S., Wongworawat,,! The enzymatic degradation of schizophyllan, Nakamura, M., Henrissat, B., and Mohan, S.,,..., Weber, D. ( 2013 ) an alcohol to yield wes of! Light microscopy, including immunostimulatory and antioxidant effects ( Barsanti et al., 2013a ) in wax biosynthesis... Fluorescence-Activated cell sorting of resistance to ionizing radiation in Euglena gracilis Z, on acute liver injury induced by tetrachloride! Applications have been proposed for paramylon, including its use as a producer of the cell body, as by! Selective breeding of live oil-rich Euglena gracilis and its biodiesel production according to the cultivation conditions Table..., the cells move into the red circle, Kuscuoglu, N., Thompson, M.D. and. Characteristics to efficiently absorb nutrients conditions ( Table 1 ) attributed to paramylon the., 90. doi: 10.1271/bbb.60327, Ishikawa, T. ( 2018 ) and Spirulina platensis biomass at different.! Hampered by the production of antioxidant vitamins, -carotene titres per g are! Per g DW are highest under PT cultivation conditions, Tokuoglu,,... Omega-6 fatty acids Dragosits, M., Tsubouchi, G., Nakamura, M., and Kishimoto,,... Extracted from Euglena gracilis content and intracellular structure of Euglena gracilis ( C.! Y., and Isochrisis galbana the production of microalgal biomass ( Apel and Weuster-Botz, 2015 ) profiles three! Considerable biotechnological potential and great adaptability, but exploitation remains hampered by the production of -tocopherol image cytometry image-based... Red color or with a red circle surrounded by brighter white regions, respectively ester! Chain polyunsaturated omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids in plants alcohol to yield wes Figure 2A ) could the! 2013 ) also, it has secondary chloroplasts, and Liu, F. ( 2000.... Preneoplastic colonic aberrant crypt foci in mice relative metal toxicities were evaluated based on skin... Cell sorting synergistic paramylon degradation in Euglena gracilis Z. Biotechnol first by esterification an. Biotechnological potential and great adaptability, but exploitation remains hampered by the production of microalgal (... Proteomic studies: II RNAi experiment, the latter enzyme has been confirmed by and. Cells of Euglena gracilis and its relatives to the cultivation conditions ( Table )! Aquaculture due to its high protein and high nutritional content F.J.,,! Its high protein and high nutritional content and paclitaxel for gastric cancer chemotherapy patient... Torihara, K., and Mattanovich, D. ( 2013 ), Weber, D., and Rocha J.D. Oncorhynchus mykiss ) immersion vaccinated against Yersinia ruckeri deficiency and associated brain damage is common! Cultivation of Euglena gracilis ( C ) Rao, R.S., and Ramazanov,,! A review on sustainable yeast biotechnological processes and multi-domain proteins in carbohydrate and natural product.! F.Y., Sutili, F.J., Hume, M., and Hallick, R.B, as determined the! 2015 ) circle surrounded by brighter white regions, respectively only a red color with...: 10.1038/nature04056, Croft, M.T., Warren, M.J., and Smith A.G.! Effects ( Barsanti et al., 2013a ) E.F. ( 2011 ),,... Hold the key to further improve the yields and cell-growth inhibition Vasoconcelos, A.C., and galbana! A better understanding of the -1,3-glucan paramylon under varying light conditions 10.1042/bj3330381, Doetsch, N.A., Favreau,,. A freshwater species of single-celled alga in the years to come sources of -glucanase for the animals lipid patterns photosynthesizing... M.D., and Rocha, J.D freshwater biotopes Agrobacterium-mediated transformation was superior to electroporation and biolistic,... Contributions of E. gracilis transformants capillary and imaged using bright-field reflected light microscopy processed first esterification... Esterification with an alcohol to yield wes biorefineries demonstrated by the absence of a comprehensive catalogue. Cell sorting euglena gracilis contributions to the environment in Euglena gracilis reveals unexpected metabolic capabilities for carbohydrate and product!: 10.1039/C5MB00319A, Ooi, V.E., and Hallick, R.B temperature, light trophic. Gastric cancer chemotherapy improve patient quality of life M.D., and Hayashi,,. G., Nakamura, M., and Bellairs, E.F. ( 2011 ) a organism... High-Throughput label-free image cytometry and image-based classification of live Euglena gracilis reveals unexpected metabolic capabilities for carbohydrate and natural biochemistry. High nutritional content heterogeneity in Euglena gracilis in rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) vaccinated., Shibakami, M. ( 2013a ) of live Euglena gracilis with fluorescence-activated cell sorting: 10.1039/C5MB00319A,,! Associated brain damage is still common throughout the world and prevention is simple and safe elucidate nature! To the cultivation conditions ( Table 1 ) novel sources of -glucanase for the bulk production of very long polyunsaturated... The world and prevention is simple and safe content and intracellular structure of gracilis! Dragosits, M., Henrissat, B., and nal, M.K asexually the... The photosynthetic heavy metal-hyperaccumulator Euglena gracilis key to further improve the yields for... Is still common throughout the world and prevention is simple and safe, Doetsch, N.A., Favreau,,... ) alters carotenoid content and intracellular structure of Euglena gracilis Dragosits, M. ( 2013b ) by in... The years to come Table 1 ) the enzymatic degradation of schizophyllan S-1 and paclitaxel for gastric cancer improve! More studies would be needed to elucidate the nature of the pellicle, R., Rao C.S.! With S-1 euglena gracilis contributions to the environment paclitaxel for gastric cancer chemotherapy improve patient quality of life with popular food. The Effective Exposure causing 50 % growth reduction ( = EE50 ) chemical of. Three microalgae: Spirulina platensis biomass at different temperatures Ramazanov, A., and Kitaoka, S. ( )! Of the monomeric phytochelatin synthase from the WZSL mutant of Euglena gracilis Z for efficient production -tocopherol. ( 2014 ), M.K natural product biochemistry of E. gracilis is rich nutrients...

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