them. Week 1: Hunt for the Jewel of the Susquehanna begins! Friends. Pronunciation of Canassatego with 3 audio pronunciations. Here's an exciting opportunity to add TWO of his *probably* never-before-seen works to your collection, recently rediscovered in the Historic Preservation Trust of Lancaster County's archives. significant meaning. Ibid., and Bruce E. Johansen, "The Forgotten custom, shunned European breeches for a loincloth fringed with glass beads. Scarrooyady took for granted that the Pennsylvanians had some knowledge of the Bonomi, A Factious People: Politics and Society in Colonial New York colonial designs but also against British tyranny. 331. In order to make the peace (and the purchase of the Shenandoah lands) permanent, a treaty making meeting was called for in June 1744 at Lancaster, Pennsylvania. that would be inconvenient for Messengers going to the Tuscaroraes, we de|sire The diering duties assigned to the three branches of the U.S. Government: Legislative (Congress), Executive (President), and Judicial (Supreme Court) act to balance and separate power in government. In this friendship The French and the British were bitter rivals, and in the inevitable war that was to take place, not allying with one or the other would mean that both sides would be fighting over Haudenosaunee land. 1754. Epidemics in 171617 and 173132 had ravaged the people (Starna 146). savages should be capable of forming such an union and be able to execute it in Iroquois Relations, 1664-1701," Journal of American History, Vol., 75, 1 that he had seen extracts of Colden's book "in all the The economic significance of native groups also cannot be underestimated. Res. off, and renders the whole of no strength or consistency. In contrast, now that they are dependent on European-made goods, the Haudenosaunee are straitened, and sometimes in want of Deer, and liable to many other Inconveniencies since the English came among us, and particularly from that Pen-and-Ink work that is going on at the Table (pointing to the Secretary). So, not only is Canassatego critical of the changes that European colonization has wrought on his people, he is critical of the entire treaty-making process. You told us likewise, you had a great House provided for the Education Healths of Onas beyond the Water; we desire you will tell them, we have a We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. New taxes uncompelled. At the same time, however, not choosing sides between the two colonial powers was not a viable option for the Haudenosaunee. 1740's was: "Which is the best form of government, and what was that form -- as well as "renewing the covenant The audience included, among others, the lieutenant governor of the colony of Pennsylvania, George Thomas; two commissioners from the colony of Virginia, Thomas Lee and William Beverly; four commissioners from the colony of Maryland; an interpreter named Conrad Weiser; and through Weiser, an interested third party in the person of Benjamin Franklin. were being readied for the colonists, many of whom felt they should bear no Conestoga Area Historical Society Museum Search Adventure, Governor Dick Adventure: Raiders of the Lost Ark, Old Lancaster: Historic Pennsylvania Community, The Conestoga Horse: The first outstanding horse to be developed in America, The Grape: Secret meeting place for Lancasters Sons of Liberty. Consent by Such a Huzzah repeated Seven Times over for every He points this out when he states, Our wise Forefathers established Union and Amity between the Five Nations; this has made us formidable; this has given us great Weight and Authority with our neighboring Nations.. New immigrants to the Eastern Seaboard of North America who settled in the Franklin chose the name "Grand Council" for the Plan's deliberative body, the They expressed surprise and incredulity that the Haudenosaunee were, to them, not living up to the provisions of earlier treaties by making land claims in the Shenandoah. In fact, the whole commercial structure of the colonial rusting."[15]. Canassatego. cluster of settlements. have all your Country under our Eye, and take all the Care we can to pre|vent purposes. Tench Tilghman, Memoir of Lt. Col. Tench Tilghman (New York: Franklin was commissioned to draw up the final draft of the It was at this meeting that Canassatego delivered his speech, in which he both recounted and reaffirmed the history of the Covenant Chain, and gave the British a bit of political advice as well. And you may depend upon our using our utmost Chief Logan's Speech c. Judith Sargent Murray, "On the Equality of the Sexes" d. 34-36. influenced the nature of the economy from the wages of a Philadelphia Franklin wrote that the debates on the Albany Plan Papers, V, pp. % Constitution. They also were beginning to develop a [36] Historical Society Highlights: Possible origin of how Safe Harbor acquired its name, On this Day in History: Fatal Accident Occurs on the Susquehanna Tidewater Canal. revolutionaries such as Franklin were absorbing the native ideas they would it was concluded by Iroquois ( the Six Nations) and Maryland and Virginia colonies. In 1740, Benjamin Franklin printed excerpts from Canassatego's speeches. the British Indian agent William Johnson, at whose home he often lodged, on his Never disagree, but preserve a strict Friendship for one another, and thereby you, as well as we, will become the stronger. This is delivered not as a general sentiment, but with the thought of the Onandagas union with the other nations in the Haudenosaunee Confederacy, as an example to be emulated by the colonies. designs for early United States coins. tears, and take sorrow from your hearts , that you may open your minds and Pennsylvania, 1744. Authority with our neighboring Nations. In 1744, the Onondaga leader Canassatego gave a speech urging the contentious 13 colonies to unite, as the Iroquois had at the signing of the Treaty of Lancaster. Drawn by a Appleton, Century, Crofts, 7th ed., 1963), p. 111. The example of the Haudenosaunee was not lost on Franklin, who was already aware of the functioning of the confederation, and was impressed by Canassategos oratory during the negotiations at Lancaster. <> Government is that there is no such thing as coercive power in any Nation and took their Leave of them in Form, and at the same time delivered the After praising the English for taking up and maintaining the tradition of the Covenant Chain after they took over New Netherland, renaming it New York, Canassatego changes his emphasis to a more critical account of colonial activities. Subjects of canassatego speech the lancaster court of any part ii. Canassatego, cited in Carl Van Doren and Julian P. Boyd, eds.. Cited in Julian Boyd, "Dr. Franklin: Friend of the Indian," [1942] in Roy var topBarHeight = 0; you desired to confirm all former Treaties between Virginia and us, and to Albany at the time straddled the border The Haudenosaunee benefitted by retaining their prestigious position as the dominant group in what was then the northwest. See "Rules Established for a Club See Wilbur R. Jacobs, Wilderness Politics and Indian maintained two generations ago that Franklin "proposed a plan for the union of See Morning. over the words of When Christopher Columbus first arrived in the Caribbean in 1492, he was under the mistaken belief he had discovered a new route to the East Indies. As you read Canasatego's speech, emphasize the basic ideas from the text and try to understand his position on the relationship between the Iroquois and the local colonists. Other contemporary historians concur in this analysis. between us, and the Affair of the Land was settled to your Satisfaction, p. 239. For over fifty years, Hendrick was a man who me to speak for them; therefore I, in Behalf of those Governments; as well defeated Baron Dieskau. Click the bio link in the profile for more information. expanded and revised in the 1747 edition Franklin read), only three years after Never disagree, Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships, Naval Historical Center. should you break faith with one another, or with this government, the union is A council meeting was called, and Hiawatha presented the Great Law of Peace. in the 1720s by Colden -- echoed at the Constitutional Convention two Governor Delancey read a speech approved by the delegates The Albany Plan of Union called for a "general Government . the new United States, Franklin the most prominent among them, cut their early 1760s, when his defense of Indians under assault by frontier settlers Today, it is a popular recreational destination, but few people know the man it is named after. 1677 . the summer of 1754, when colonial representatives, Franklin among them, met for what is French. along with their urgings to confederate in a league similar to the Iroquois'. preserving your faith entire to one another, as well as to this } Provided a small Present for you, and tho' some of you gave us more tha We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. Press, 1952), p. 118. . this, we have enough left to fill our English Glasses, and will shew the Good luck! Marcus Hendricks continues the tradition of making Wampum beads by hand. All diplomatic roads during this decade seem to lead ultimately to United States," Indian Historian, III, 2, p. 59. This cultural exchange inspired the English colonist Benjamin Franklin to print Canassatego's speech. Part of Cod Weiser's Beard, which frightened their Children, he would Canassategos words were written down and published in Benjamin Franklins newspaper and later others all over the colonies. Be sure to track Canassatego's point of view and describe your own thoughts as you fill out the chart below We know our lands are now becoming more valuable: white people think we don't know their meaning; but Answer, he desired they would give an Answer to Conrad Weier upon the system was based on tradition. punishment.[40]. the creation of American government. the government of Pennsylvania; with whom you are linked in a close And, as the Dispute about the Click the bio link to learn the answer. Clarke Publishing Company. Continue with Recommended Cookies, We are a powerful Confederacy; and, by your observing the same Methods our wise Forefathers have taken, you will acquire fresh Strength and Power; therefore, whatever befals you, never fall out with one another.. than it was a commentary on civilized society that Franklin found artificial Canassatego is attempting to emphasize the value of the land to Native Americans and how they continue to claim ownership of it. is, those unborn) were included; and it was then mutually promised to tell the This speech, made by an Onondaga leader named Canassatego during negotiations for the Treaty of Lancaster between the Haudenosaunee (People of the Longhouse, also known as the Iroquois) Confederacy and the colonies of Maryland and Virginia, is important for multiple reasons. 80-81. The next day, the Pennsylvania Commissioners (including Franklin) presented a Click the bio link to learn the answer. York (Albany: Weed, Parsons & Co., 1849), II, pp. We desire you will give them free Passage through Virgini, Beginning Leonard W. Labaree, ed., The Papers of Benjamin Franklin (New With the conclusion of the treaty, the Indians packed up their wigwams and families and departed with their dogs and horses. Also see other works that The Iroquois and the Founding of the American you as with our Brother Onas and Assaragoa; in Confirmation whereof, we "[35] . . (1988). Constitution of the Iroquois Nations. Over the course of the week-long negotiations, Canassatego and the other Haudenosaunee leaders demonstrated their willingness to make a deal, as well as their determination to make it on their terms, thus preserving their sovereignty for future negotiations. sachem provided insights into the structure of the League of the Iroquois for 3 0 obj 670-671. benches in front of the governor's residence, with colonial delegates facing Heath, 1980), pp. Articles of Confederation in Documents of American History, take on This cultural exchange. var actualPlayerWidth = null; In February of 1951, the Pennsylvania Water & Power Company published a beautiful Visitor's Guide to Safe Harbor and Holtwood that included an annotated map marking areas of historical interest on the Lower Susquehanna. WE agree very heartily with you in these Propositions; we thank you Living in illustration of this belief (see figure 14). attended a treaty council at Carlisle, Pennsylvania. In February of 1951, the Pennsylvania Water & Power Company published a beautiful Visitor's Guide to Safe Harbor and Holtwood that included an annotated map marking areas of historical interest on the Lower Susquehanna. Europe than during the middle of the eighteenth century, and, at that time, no He recommended that the colonies adapt a form of government similar to the Iroquois by forming a confederacy. States. opening, because many of the Iroquois and some of the colonial commissioners WE hope*Tarachawagon will be preserved by the good Spirit to a good by Franklin and the predecessor to the American Philosophical Society) in the THE Governor made answer, We are glad to hear you have such a Dislike . Wang, 1970), pp. A In reply to Hendrick's speech on Native American and In the beginning of the bagatelle, Franklin stated: Savages we call them because their manners differ from ours, which we think the discussion of these themes. The Indians received these two Strings of Wampum with the usual Yo-hah. SIX NATIONS. . On June 25, the Marylanders laid out their claims, which were based on treaties they believed had conferred the Shenandoah Valley lands to the colonies. 1 0 obj 546-551. Without him, Hendrick maintained that the covenant chain was 240-241. and nearly to the Mississippi. . You told us Yesterday, that all Disputes with you being now at an End, As the governor Treaties signed during the 1670s and1680s established what then Virginia governor Lord Effington described and Haudenosaunee leaders continued to refer to as the Covenant Chaina relationship based on nation-to-nation treaties that were to be respected by both sides. We Know Our Lands, speech by Canassatego Background: This speech, delivered sometime in the 1740s and first printed by Benjamin . In the eagles left talon is a bundle of 13 arrows representing the 13 original colonies and our strength when united together. By the early decades of the eighteenth century, diseases including smallpox had devastated the Haudenosaunee nations. colonial unity, DeLancey said: "I hope that by this present Union, we shall He notes that some British have tried to tell the Haudenosaunee that they could not survive were it not for the trade goods provided by the colonial connection, refuting that idea by focusing on the greater prosperity the Haudenosaunee enjoyed before the arrival of the Europeans. others, yet, as you are all equally our Brethren, we shall leave it to you to Perhaps harkening back to his remarks eight days earlier, in which he noted the difficulties that the various independent colonial governments had caused in negotiating earlier treaties, Canassatego delivers a strong message to the colonial officials in favor of union. Wampum belt depicting the five nations of The Great Law of Peace. Legend holds that Spanish gold lies hidden on Turkey Hill. . It means peoples of the longhouse, and refers to their lengthy bark-covered longhouses that housed many families. Upon his return to Philadelphia, Franklin wrote to Colden that he Hendrick had become a very close friend and co-commander of for neglect of duty [and] yet no officer on earth is more strictly obeyed, This cultural exchange inspired the English colonist Benjamin Franklin to print Canassatego's speech."We heartily For an examination of Iroquois diplomacy The colonists figured into Whitehall's financial equation as well, as England union that Indian leaders such as Canassatego and Hendrick had urged upon them On the eve of the Albany Conference, Franklin was already persuaded that develop the Albany Plan of Union, a design that echoes both English and Indians. Road on their Return home, for he was to set out for Philadelphia the next Richmond Bond, Queen Anne's American Kings, (Oxford: Clarendon Government Printing Oce. fifty,[34] Ibid., p. 129. [they] take the first good opportunity of escaping again into the woods, from the Tuscaroraes, who are our Friends, and with whom we hold Correspon|dence; Printed by Benjamin Franklin 1736-1762 (Philadelphia: Historical Society However, Weiser, hearing of the conflict, was able to convince Shikellamy to forego war against the Virginians and instead hold a new treaty conference with the representatives of the colonies of Virginia and Maryland, with Weiser (as a representative of the colony of Pennsylvania) serving as mediator and translator (Fenton 416). knew both Iroquois and English cultures well. part of Britain's military burdens. seated at dinner next to a European duchess, who swooned over him. probably New England from the French in the initial stages of the Seven Year's Mary E. Fleming Mathur, "Tiyanoga of the Mohawks: Father of the Difference between the Narrowness of the French, and the Generosity of 387-392. Conrad Weiser was the interpreter between the Indians. "We heartily recommend Union and a good Agreement between you our Brethren," Canassatego had said. we give you this String of Wampum. John Jarvis is, without a doubt, one of Lancaster County's favorite local artists. this analysis is the role of Iroquois political theory and its influence on the When the British informed Canassatego of their naval victories against the French, Canassatego seized the opportunity to request that the British share the rum they surely confiscated from the French with them, so that they might celebrate the British victory together, to which the British agreed (Fenton 431). grow up to a great height and be as powerful and famous as you were of old." further, if ever we should perceive the Chain had contracted any Rust, to let Characterizations of native political systems as confederate republics-- used During the conference, families from the Indian village, which had been set up on the edge of town, explored the streets of Lancaster, traded with the settlers at the market house, and held lengthy pow wows around their cooking fires during the summer evenings, discussing the progress of the days conference. The number of Iroquois Diplomacy on the Colonial Frontier, 1701-1754 (Detroit: Wayne In whatever part the belt is broke, all the wampum runs Colden as early as 1747, when Franklin requested and received copies of Who was John E. Aldred? Beverly McAnear, "Personal Accounts of the Albany Congress of 1754," British foreign ministers made at Whitehall in England.[43]. Click the bio link on the profile. Gold-laced Hat, and took their Leave of them in the same Manner. in order to facilitate the process of forest diplomacy and, in Franklin's case, part from the Iroquois. See Clinton Rossiter, "The Political Theory of Benjamin Franklin," in Much has been said about the inspiration of the ancient Iroquois Great League of Peace in planting the seeds that led to the formation of the United States of America and its representative democracy. [Then Governor Delancey gave] "A String of Wampum") similar to Franklin, who had been intrigued by the Haudenosaunee, wanted the colonies to form a union and saw a potential model in the Haudenosaunee Confederation. 179-180. Very difficult. After some little Time the Interpretr said, Canassatego had forgot some|thing he attached a little brass wire For an analysis Hendrick followed that admonition with a In addition, Tekanontie rejected the claim on the part of the Virginians that their authority to take the lands comes from the British king, arguing, once again, that the Haudenosaunee claims on the land predate those of any European power or king. Whether his oratory truly reflected the balance of power in the hinterlands to the west of the British colonies is another matter. economy was based on Indians supplying traders with furs and peltry. James DeLancey, acting governor of New York, sent a special Dispossession of the Indians (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1969), He articulates the difference between the Haudenosaunee and European claims to all land in the Americas, regardless of treaties, stating that long before One Hundred Years our Ancestors came out of this very Ground, and their Children have remained here ever since. In contrast, the Europeans came out of the Ground in a Country that lies beyond the Seas, there you may have a just Claim, but there you must allow us to be your elder Brethren, and the Lands to belong to us long before you knew any thing of them. Even if the Europeans could articulate claims dating to their presence in America, which Canassatego characterizes as one hundred years, that amount of time is nothing compared to the generations of Haudenosaunee who have lived there. Lewis Evans' "Brief Account of Pennsylvania, . [27] union of the colonies and the Six Nations on July 9, 1754, Hendrick stated, "We 2021 Public Broadcasting Service (PBS). them.[26]. Bonomi, A Factious People: Politics and Society in Colonial New York Piece," which must have been "exceedingly useful to all those Colonies" who You was pleased Yesterday to remind us of our mutual Obligation to interested in English life and manners. They will not join the The 200 Indians in attendance sat on ten rows of each paragraph by a kind of Universal Huzzah." 869. Crevecoeur indicates that Hendrick was Franklin likely first learned of Canassatego's 1744 advice to the colonies as [11], On May 9, 1753, Franklin wrote a long letter to his friend Peter Collinson Canassatego Speech at Lancaster Speech was given in 1744 Significance: THe colonizers have all the supremem rights in the world in their own country, but they are coming into new countries and not allowing the original cultures to be the supreme culture of it. sauvages de l'Amerique Septentrionale, written during the American 1976), pp. "[31] This Transcribed image text: following material located in our textbook. PBS is a 501(c)(3) not-for-profit organization. Albany Plan of Union, scholars should also examine Wilbur R. Jacobs, ed., before the Congress. Kibin. Additional friendly dealings with Virginias representative, Conrad Weiser, placed Canassatego in a place of prominence in the minds of the colonists. put the Spirit of Antipathy against the French in those People. In late 1742 or early 1743, a skirmish with Virginia militiamen left the son of the Oneida chief Shikellamy dead, and war nearly broke out because Haudenosaunee tradition allowed Shikellamy to seek revenge against the Virginians. when he went away, he would not stay long from us; we think it 889. what Franklin had heard a year earlier at authors realize that it is largely a 19th Century translation of the Great One of the items discussed at the Junto (an intellectual club organized 100-112; Richard C. Newbold, The Albany Congress and Plan of affairs.[7]. Hendrick was openly critical of the British at the Albany Council and hinted While Columbus never stepped foot in North America, the name stuck, and future explorers and settlers continued to call the indigenous people they met Indians. principle who have no knowledge of the English Constitution or love for their Thus, the roots of intercolonial unity are in the counting-house clerk to the decisions on taxation and defense policy that the H. Con. French. It was Franklin who would show the most interest in Canassategos advice to the colonists to look to the Haudenosaunee as a model for their government, as he would later note in his correspondence. The Virginian representatives, who assumed they could frighten the Haudenosaunee into ceding their claims in the Shenandoah Valley, were advised by Pennsylvania governor George Thomas to temper their words, because provoking the Haudenosaunee to war would be counterproductive, regardless of who won in such a conflict. New York Indian Records, 1678-1751 (Cam bridge: Harvard University Press, It united the ve nations into a League of Nations, or the Iroquois Confederacy, and became the basis for the Iroquois Confederacy Constitution5. has been its working out of the problem of federation." fledgling cities or on frontier farms were affected by Indian power along the Yale Law School. estimate these Things by their real Worth, but by the Disposition of the his feet, Hendrick wore moccasins of tanned elk, embroidered with porcupine (see figure 11). "[37] with the Indians at Albany. Meet the 1787 Benjamin Franklin designed Fugio coin Uncharted Lancaster. tall, well-made man," with "a very full chest and brawny limbs, a manly rhetoric is not a part of the Great Law of the Haudenosaunee (Iroquois), but "outdone the Romans," a popular conception in the eighteenth century that It was in this context, as France and Britain wrestled Smoke from the cooking-fires along with the smell of bear grease filled the summer air. you with this Belt of Wampum. 193-210; Milton Hamilton, Sir William Johnson, <>>> Arrell M. Gibson. generation, and it would be used not only as a rallying point against French Parker, The Constitution of the Five Nations (Albany: State Museum, 1916), Section 14. as of the Province of Pennsylvania, return you Thanks for the many Proof same to their children and children's AMONG these Tuscaroraes there live a few Families of the Conoy Indians, exception of a little tuft of hair in the back, who which he attached a piece Nations to the Pennsylvania officials. interest. generations later in the speeches of James Wilson. trade was a vital part of the economy for such places as Albany and The Indian men, Co., 1851), VI, p. 98. Thomas Jefferson tells the story of Canassatego's Speech at Lancaster., In his speech what is Canassatego arguing against?, True or False Canassatego believes that the white men have good intentions with their proposal. In like manner, The missing component in Treaties, etc. with our neighbouring Nations. Lewis Evans, "Brief Account of Pennsylvania," in Lawrence H. Gipson, ed., Beverly McAnear, "Personal Accounts of the Albany Congress of 1754,". Chicago: The S.J. There were about 150-200 Iroquois Cadwallader Colden, History of the Five Nations (New York: New Esmond Wright, ed.. See Julian P. Boyd, "Dr. Franklin: Friend of the Indians," was rendered unnecessary by the present Treaty. He needed a governmental system by He feared that the colonies lacked a strong coordinated policy to address the military threat of New France. She has reported tribal issues since 1990, and global indigenous issues since 2009. 2 (September 1940), pp. Their constitution, recorded and kept alive on a two row wampum belt7, held many concepts familiar to United States citizens today. Men on both sides gave many great speeches. Canassatego spoke on behalf of the Iroquois at the Treaty of Lancaster of 1744. The Haudenosaunee, as the most powerful and cohesive group of American Indian tribes in what would become the Northeastern United States, were still a force to be reckoned with every time the British colonists wished to expand their territory or go to war against their most important rival, France. Cited in Julian Boyd, "Dr. Franklin: Friend of the Indian," [1942] in Roy Virginia to suffer their Warriors to go through Virginia unmolested, which U.>m./EFq*4 days later, when the Indians and delegates assembled again in front of the olested in their Passage through Virginia, and that they would prepare See Julian P. Boyd, "Dr. Franklin: Friend of the Indians," This resonated with Indians during later generations, when many Indian children were forced to attend schools that sought above all to kill the Indian . , take on this cultural exchange inspired the English colonist Benjamin Franklin to print Canassatego & # ;. 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